Mechanism underlying painful radiculopathy in patients with lumbar disc herniation.

Background: Painful lumbar radiculopathy is a neuropathic pain condition, commonly attributed to nerve root inflammation/compression by disc herniation. The present exploratory study searched for associations between pain intensity and inflammatory markers, herniated disc size, infection, psychological factors and pain modulation in patients with confirmed painful lumbar radiculopathy scheduled for spine surgery.

Methods: Prior to surgery, 53 patients underwent the following evaluation: pain intensity measured on a 0-10 numeric rating scale (NRS) and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire; sensory testing (modified DFNS protocol); pain processing including temporal summation and conditioned pain modulation (CPM); neurological examination; psychological assessment including Spielberger's Anxiety Inventory, Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale.

Intraoperative neuromonitoring during resection of cranial meningiomas and its effect on the surgical workflow.

Purpose: Resection of meningiomas adjacent to the central sulcus entails a high rate of morbidity. Explored for intra-axial lesion resection, intraoperative neuromonitoring intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) has been shown to decrease neurological deficits. The use of IONM is relatively uncommon and is not considered routine practice in the removal of extra-axial lesions.

Management of Pediatric Orbital Fractures.

Introduction: Although uncommon in children, orbital fractures can be devastating to both vision and appearance. Due to the scarce information in the literature, the authors here present our experience and management with all pediatric orbital fracture patients.

Material And Methods: A 6-years retrospective study was conducted on pediatric patients presented with orbital wall fracture (OFx).

Spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage carries a grim prognosis in both operated and unoperated patients.

Unlabelled: Management of spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage (SCH) has been scarcely reported, and controversies still exist regarding their surgical management.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the Rambam Medical Center registry. All cases with a SCH, operated or not, were reviewed.

Decreasing External Ventricular Drain-Related Infection Rates with Duration-Independent, Clinically Indicated Criteria for Drain Revision: A Retrospective Study.

Objective: To lower external ventricular drain (EVD)-related infection rates, in April 2013, our institution enacted a major protocol change, switching from routine EVD replacement every 5 days to EVD replacement only when clinically indicated. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of this change on nosocomial EVD-related infections.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study to compare the EVD-related infection rates between 2 groups (group A, elective EVD replacement; group B, clinically indicated EVD replacement).

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Resection of Parapharyngeal Space Tumors.

 Surgical removal of parapharyngeal space tumors (PPST) poses challenges due to the complex anatomy of the region. PPSTs are routinely resected by a transcervical approach using blind finger dissection. Large PPSTs or those located high at the skull base, often require transmandibular or infratemporal fossa approaches, associated with considerable morbidity.

Endoscopic Endonasal Repair of Internal Carotid Artery Injury during Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery.

 Injury to the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) during endoscopic skull base surgery is a well-recognized rare complication that can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Many techniques have been suggested to manage ICA injury with varying degrees of success.  We provide a detailed technical description of an operative technique for endoscopic management of carotid artery injury.

Combined endoscopic transcervical-transoral robotic approach for resection of parapharyngeal space tumors.

Background: Parapharyngeal space tumors (PPSTs) pose exposure challenges; they are routinely resected by the transcervical approach using blunt/blind finger dissection, increasing the risk of tumor spillage and of neurovascular injury. Large PPSTs or those located high at the skull base often require mandibulotomy or an infratemporal fossa approach, baring considerable morbidity.

Methods: The novel minimally invasive approach described, utilizes endoscopic equipment introduced transcervically for circumferential separation of the tumor from the neurovascular structures of the skull base.

Intraspinal hypotension syndrome presents as transient quadriplegia.

Intracranial hypotension can be a complication of epidural anaesthesia. Pure clinical spinal hypotension manifesting as acute transient quadriplegia following epidural anaesthesia is a severe, life-threatening complication that have not been described before. This complication can be solved with an epidural blood patch; thus, it should be familiar to doctors across all specialities.

Cavernous Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysm Following a Radical Cavernous Sinus Resection.

Iatrogenic cavernous carotid pseudoaneurysms are a special group among other intracranial aneurysms. They can occur during the dissection phase of the surgery if the tumor encases a vessel. Complications of their rupture as hemorrhage or stroke are life threatening.

Massive cerebral swelling immediately after cranioplasty, a fatal and unpredictable complication: report of 4 cases.

Cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy (DC) is associated with increased morbidity, but the reported mortality rate is low. Recently, some authors have reported a rare unexplained complication of sudden death in association with massive cerebral edema immediately after cranioplasty. The author reports on 4 patients who underwent cranioplasty after DC between January 2005 and August 2010 at his department and died because of massive cerebral edema immediately after uneventful surgery and anesthesia.

Uncal herniation in a fully conscious patient-The sliding uncus syndrome.

Uncal herniation is accompanied by a decreased level of consciousness. We describe a patient who remained fully alert despite the uncal herniation. The computed tomography (CT) scans allowed us to visualize the uncus and its spatial relation to the cerebral peduncle.

Cerebral blood flow and metabolism following decompressive craniectomy for control of increased intracranial pressure.

Objective: Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a common practice for control of intracranial pressure (ICP) following traumatic brain injury (TBI), although the impact of this procedure on the fate of operated patients is still controversial.

Methods: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolic rates were monitored prospectively and daily as a surrogate of neuronal viability in 36 TBI patients treated by DC and compared with those of 86 nonoperated patients. DC was performed either on admission (n=29) or within 48 hours of admission (n=7).

Time course for autoregulation recovery following severe traumatic brain injury.

Object: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the time course for cerebral autoregulation (AR) recovery following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: Thirty-six patients (27 males and 9 females, mean +/- SEM age 33 +/- 15.1 years) with severe TBI underwent serial dynamic AR studies with leg cuff deflation as a stimulus, until recovery of the AR responses was measured.

Monitoring of cerebral metabolism: non-ischemic impairment of oxidative metabolism following severe traumatic brain injury.

Objective: To investigate and compare the respective dynamics of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism in response to changes in neurological condition and intracranial pressure (ICP) in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: Eight-four patients with severe TBI were prospectively enrolled in this study. CBF was measured daily and global cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen (CMRO(2)), glucose (CMRGlc) and lactate (CMRLct) were calculated using arterial jugular differences.

Impact of basilar artery vasospasm on outcome in patients with severe cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background And Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of basilar artery (BA) vasospasm on outcome in patients with severe vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

Methods: Sixty-five patients with clinically suspect severe cerebral vasospasm after aSAH underwent cerebral angiography before endovascular treatment. Vasospasm severity was assessed for each patient by transcranial Doppler measurements, angiography, and (99m)Tc-ethylcysteinate dimer single-photon emission computed tomography (ECD-SPECT) imaging.

Transcranial Doppler grading criteria for basilar artery vasospasm.

Objective: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) criteria for basilar artery (BA) vasospasm are poorly defined, and grading criteria for vertebrobasilar vasospasm are unavailable. The purpose of the present study was to define TCD grading criteria for BA vasospasm on the basis of the absolute flow velocities and the intracranial to extracranial flow velocity ratios for the posterior circulation, and to improve the sensitivity and specificity of TCD for diagnosis of BA vasospasm.

Methods: One hundred twenty-three patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage underwent 144 cerebral arteriograms with views of the BA during the acute phase of vasospasm (Days 3-14 after hemorrhage).

Dynamic perfusion computed tomography in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm.

Objective: The aim of the study was to correlate absolute cerebral blood flow (CBF) and mean transient time (MTT) measured by dynamic perfusion computed tomographic (PCT) scanning with the clinical course, vasospasm severity, and perfusion abnormality in patients with cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods: Forty-six patients with vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage had 63 PCT images obtained during the course of vasospasm. All patients had transcranial Doppler measurements, 28 had an angiography study, and 38 had 99mTc single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging performed in conjunction with the PCT scan.

Dynamic perfusion computerized tomography in cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comparison with technetium-99m-labeled ethyl cysteinate dimer-single-photon emission computerized tomography.

Object: The aim of this study was to correlate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and mean transient time (MTT) measured on dynamic perfusion computerized tomography (CT) with CBF using (99m)Tc ethyl cysteinate dimer-single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) in patients with cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Methods: Thirty-five patients with vasospasm following aneurysmal SAH (12 men and 23 women with a mean age of 49.3 +/- 10.

Basilar artery vasospasm and delayed posterior circulation ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background And Purpose: The clinical and hemodynamic impacts of basilar artery (BA) vasospasm (VS) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are ill-defined. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between BA-VS and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with posterior circulation after aneurysmal SAH.

Methods: Daily transcranial Doppler (TCD) measurements of posterior and anterior circulation arteries were conducted in 162 patients with aneurysmal SAH.

Role of brain natriuretic peptide in cerebral vasospasm.

Background: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a potent natriuretic factor responsible for hyponatremia observed in patients with SAH. Through its systemic effects (reduction of blood volume and blood pressure) BNP may augment cerebral blood flow reduction and ischemia secondary to vasospasm. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between BNP plasma concentration during the first 12 days following SAH and the development of cerebral vasospasm (CVS).