TSH levels are associated with increased risk of thyroid carcinoma in patients with nodular disease.

Introduction: Several studies have shown an increased risk of thyroid malignancies in patients with elevated TSH levels, even if these levels fell within the normal range. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between TSH and risk of malignancy in patients with thyroid nodules.

Material And Methods: We included 622 patients with thyroid nodules evaluated by fine needle aspiration and/or thyroidectomy and diagnosed by cytology or histology.

Cellular immunity before and after leptin replacement therapy.

Background: The few identified leptin-deficient children have immune deficiency.

Aims: To evaluate whether a newly-identified leptin-deficient boy has immune defects; to assess the immune changes during leptin replacement.

Methods: A 5 year-old boy with congenital leptin deficiency was evaluated before, 2 weeks and 6 weeks after the initiation of recombinant methionyl human leptin.