Hippocampal alterations and functional correlates in adolescents and young adults with congenital heart disease.

There is a high prevalence of neurodevelopmental impairments in individuals living with congenital heart disease (CHD) and the neural correlates of these impairments are not yet fully understood. Recent studies have shown that hippocampal volume and shape differences may provide unique biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders. The hippocampus is vulnerable to early life injury, especially in populations at risk for hypoxemia or hemodynamic instability such as in neonates with CHD.

Choice of cement for single-unit crowns: Findings from The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network.

Background: In this article, the authors present clinical factors associated with the type of cement practitioners use for restoration of single-unit crowns.

Methods: A total of 202 dentists in The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network recorded clinical details (including cement type) used for 3,468 single-unit crowns. The authors classified crowns as bonded if the dentist used a resin cement.

Psychometric testing of a checklist for procedural training of peripheral intravenous insertion.

Background: Nurses, medical technologists, nuclear medicine technologists, pre-hospital providers, and medical students are a few groups of healthcare learners asked to learn intravenous (IV) cannulation in their training (J Surg Educ. 69:536-43, 2012). Despite the fact that IV cannulation has been taught to several health professions, it is difficult to find a psychometrically validated checklist to guide teaching this skill in the simulated procedural training (Pediatrics 124: 610-9, 2009, J Assoc Vasc Access 21: 196-204, 2016).

Perspectives of Australian policy-makers on the potential benefits and risks of technologically enhanced communicable disease surveillance - a modified Delphi survey.

Background: Event-based social media monitoring and pathogen whole genome sequencing (WGS) will enhance communicable disease surveillance research and systems. If linked electronically and scanned systematically, the information provided by these technologies could be mined to uncover new epidemiological patterns and associations much faster than traditional public health approaches. The benefits of earlier outbreak detection are significant, but implementation could be opposed in the absence of a social licence or if ethical and legal concerns are not addressed.

The politics and ethics of hospital infection prevention and control: a qualitative case study of senior clinicians' perceptions of professional and cultural factors that influence doctors' attitudes and practices in a large Australian hospital.

Background: Hospital infection prevention and control (IPC) programs are designed to minimise rates of preventable healthcare-associated infection (HAI) and acquisition of multidrug resistant organisms, which are among the commonest adverse effects of hospitalisation. Failures of hospital IPC in recent years have led to nosocomial and community outbreaks of emerging infections, causing preventable deaths and social disruption. Therefore, effective IPC programs are essential, but can be difficult to sustain in busy clinical environments.

Dentists' practice patterns of treatment for deep occlusal caries: Findings from a dental practice-based research network.

Objectives: This study quantified and compared practice patterns of treatment for deep occlusal carious lesions among Japanese dentists, and tested the hypothesis that dentist characteristics are significantly associated with the decision to choose an indirect pulp capping (IPC), a form of selective carious tissue removal that involves leaving a thin layer of demineralized tissue over the pulp, that is then covered with a protective liner.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire survey of dentists affiliated with the Dental Practice-based Research Network Japan (n = 297). Dentists were asked to indicate what percentage of time they use three treatment options when treating patients with deep occlusal caries and possible mild pulpitis on a posterior tooth.

Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Use: National Dental PBRN Results.

Introduction: The American Dental Association recommends that dentists use a prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) prior to prescribing an opioid for acute pain management.

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine dentists' experiences using their state PDMP, as well as the impact that state-mandated registration policies, mandated use policies, and practice characteristics had on the frequency with which dentists used their PDMP.

Methods: We conducted a web-based cross-sectional survey among practicing dentist members of the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network ( n = 805).

Public preferences for One Health approaches to emerging infectious diseases: A discrete choice experiment.

There is increasing scientific consensus that a One Health approach (acknowledging links between human, animal and environmental health) is the most effective way of responding to emerging infectious disease (EID) threats. However, reviews of past EID events show that successful implementation of control strategies hinge on alignment with public values. Given the limited evidence about public values in this area, we sought to understand public preferences for attributes associated with One Health strategies for EID prevention and control, using a discrete choice experiment (DCE).

Adverse effects of routine bovine health treatments containing triclabendazole and synthetic pyrethroids on the abundance of dipteran larvae in bovine faeces.

Macrocyclic lactone treatments for livestock can have detrimental effects on the arthropod populations in livestock faeces. For the last twenty years, avoidance of these products has been a standard recommendation on livestock farms that are managed for wildlife by the Royal Society for Protection of Birds (RSPB). However, the continued decline in the populations of birds (in particular the red-billed chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) that are dependent on dung invertebrates on islands in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland prompted us to investigate the effects of livestock treatments that are commonly used on these islands.

Cortical distance, not cancellation, dominates inter-subject EEG gamma rhythm amplitude.

The neurophysiological response to visual stimulation in both humans and animals is characterized by an increase in high frequency amplitude peaking in the gamma range (40-100Hz) and a suppression of low frequency amplitude peaking in the alpha range (10-16Hz). Due to the large number of studies linking amplitude and peak frequency to perception and neurological disorders, there is great interest in understanding the basis of inter-subject variability in gamma and alpha responses. To address this, we measured gamma and alpha amplitude and peak frequency of response to visual stimulation in 42 healthy humans.

Training experiences regarding pain management, addiction, and drug diversion of dentists enrolled in the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network.

The purpose of this study was to describe dentists' training experiences relevant to pain management, addiction, and prescription opioid drug diversion and examine associations between these training experiences and dentists' opioid prescribing practices. A Web-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted among practicing dentist members of the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network (PBRN;  = 822). The survey assessed pain management prescribing practices and training experiences related to pain management and assessment for addiction and drug diversion.

Preferences for peer-reviewed versus other publication sources: a survey of general dentists in the National Dental PBRN.

Background: Medical professionals have access to a broad range of resources to address clinical information needs. While much attention is given to new sources of data such as those available on the internet, it is less clear how clinicians choose between peer-reviewed research literature and other publication-based sources. This analysis distinguishes between possible drivers of publication type preference (namely, practice setting, advanced training, professional development experiences).

Fear and excitement mark the transition to autonomous, registered nurse.

Gabriella Gilbert, who recently completed her studies to become a fully fledged staff nurse, shares her final reflections on her journey to registration.

Clinician perceptions of respiratory infection risk; a rationale for research into mask use in routine practice.

Outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are global threats to society. Planning for, and responses to, such events must include healthcare and other measures based on current evidence. An important area of infection prevention and control (IPC) is the optimal use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers (HCWs), including masks for protection against respiratory pathogens.

Comparison of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Strongyloides Larvae in Different Specimen Matrices.

can cause disease that ranges from asymptomatic chronic infection to fatal hyperinfection. Diagnosis from stool can be challenging because the most sensitive conventional tests require live larvae to be effective and there can be low larval output in chronic infection. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) have been developed to complement existing diagnostic methods.

Ectomycorrhizas and tree seedling establishment are strongly influenced by forest edge proximity but not soil inoculum.

Reforestation is challenging when timber harvested areas have been degraded, invaded by nonnative species, or are of marginal suitability to begin with. Conifers form mutualistic partnerships with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) to obtain greater access to soil resources, and these partnerships may be especially important in degraded areas. However, timber harvest can impact mycorrhizal fungi by removing or compacting topsoil, removing host plants, and warming and drying the soil.

Feasibility and acceptance of oral human papillomavirus detection in the dental office: Results from The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network.

Background: Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the principal underlying cause of a dramatic increase in oropharyngeal cancer. Dentistry can play an important role in developing clinical algorithms for secondary prevention.

Methods: The authors conducted this cross-sectional pilot study with practices of The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network.

Sacroiliac Stretching Improves Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit of the Opposite Shoulder in Baseball Players in a Randomized Control Trial.

Introduction: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a well-documented finding in throwing athletes.

Purpose: To investigate whether stretching the contralateral sacroiliac (SI) joint can improve GIRD in baseball players.

Method: After internal shoulder rotation was measured in 23 minor league baseball players, the players randomly were assigned to either a control (ie, sleeper stretch of the dominant shoulder) or experimental (ie, SI joint stretch contralateral to the dominant shoulder) group.

Communicable Disease Surveillance Ethics in the Age of Big Data and New Technology.

Surveillance is essential for communicable disease prevention and control. Traditional notification of demographic and clinical information, about individuals with selected (notifiable) infectious diseases, allows appropriate public health action and is protected by public health and privacy legislation, but is slow and insensitive. Big data-based electronic surveillance, by commercial bodies and government agencies (for profit or population control), which draws on a plethora of internet- and mobile device-based sources, has been widely accepted, if not universally welcomed.

Managing the risk of Hendra virus spillover in Australia using ecological approaches: A report on three community juries.

Background: Hendra virus (HeV) infection is endemic in Australian flying-fox populations. Habitat loss has increased the peri-urban presence of flying-foxes, increasing the risk of contact and therefore viral 'spillovers' into horse and human populations. An equine vaccine is available and horse-husbandry practices that minimize HeV exposure are encouraged, but their adoption is suboptimal.

Stretch-activated Piezo1 Channel in Endothelial Cells Relaxes Mouse Intrapulmonary Arteries.

In intrapulmonary arteries (IPA), endothelial cells (EC) respond to mechanical stimuli by releasing vasoactive factors to set the vascular tone. Piezo1, a stretch-activated, calcium-permeable channel, is a sensor of mechanical stress in EC. The present study was undertaken to investigate the implication of Piezo1 in the endothelium-dependent regulation of IPA tone and potential involvement of Piezo1 in pulmonary hypertension, the main disease of this circulation.

Genome-wide analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup 19 in the decade after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Australia.

The decline in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), following the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV-7), was tempered by emergence of non-vaccine serotypes, particularly 19A. In Australia, three years after PCV-7 was replaced by PCV-13, containing 19A and 19F antigens, serogroup 19 was still a prominent cause of IPD in children under five. In this study we examined the evolution of serogroup 19 before and after introduction of paediatric vaccines in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.

Practitioner Participation in National Dental Practice-based Research Network (PBRN) Studies: 12-Year Results.

Purpose: This study examines practitioner participation over 12 years in the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network (PBRN) studies and practitioner meetings, average length of participation, and association of practitioner- and practice-level characteristics with participation. Little information exists about practitioners' long-term participation in PBRNs.

Methods: The network conducted a retrospective analysis of practitioner participation in 3 main network activities during 2005 to 2017.

Remake Rates for Single-Unit Crowns in Clinical Practice: Findings from The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network.

Purpose: Some crowns returned from the laboratory are clinically unacceptable, and dentists must remake them. The objectives of this study were to: (1) quantify the remake rate of single-unit crowns; and (2) identify factors significantly associated with crown remakes and intraoral fit.

Materials And Methods: Dentists participating in the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network recruited patients needing crowns and documented fabrication techniques, patient characteristics, and outcomes.