Numerical values and impact of hypertension in Spain.

In Spain, 33% of adults aged 30 to 79 years (10 million) were hypertensive in 2019. Among them, 68% were diagnosed, 57% received drug therapy, and effective therapeutic coverage (control) reached 33%. Both diagnosis and control show geographical and social disparities.

Hypertensive states of pregnancy.

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) remain a leading cause of pregnancy-related maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality worldwide, including chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and pre-eclampsia. Affected women and newborns also have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life, independent of traditional cardiovascular disease risks. Despite these risks, recommendations for optimal diagnosis and treatment have changed little in recent decades, probably due to fear of the foetal repercussions of decreased blood pressure and possible drug toxicity.

Clinical profile of severe hypercholesterolemia in 156,000 adults in primary care.

Objective: To examine the frequency of severe hypercholesterolemia (HS) and its clinical profile, and the phenotype of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), in the primary-care setting in a large health area of the Community of Madrid (CAM).

Material And Methods: Multicenter study of subjects with a health card assigned to 69 health centers (Northwest/CAM area). HS was defined as cholesterol ≥300mg/dL or LDL-cholesterol ≥220mg/dL in any analysis performed (1-1-2018 to 12-30-2021); and FH phenotype as c-LDL ≥240mg/dL (≥160mg/dL if lipid-lowering treatment) with triglycerides <200mg/dL and TSH <5μIU/mL.

[2022 Practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the Spanish Society of Hypertension].

Hypertension is the most important risk factor for global disease burden. Detection and management of hypertension are considered as key issues for individual and public health, as adequate control of blood pressure levels markedly reduces morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension. Aims of these practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the Spanish Society of Hypertension include offering simplified schemes for diagnosis and treatment for daily practice, and strategies for public health promotion.

Hypertension: The most common chronic health problem in Spain. A call to action.

Hypertension (HYP) is the first cause of death and disability worldwide. In Spain, one in 3 adults was hypertensive in 2010 (62% in those >65 years in 2017). Despite improvement in HYP management over time, only half of treated hypertensive patients are adequately controlled, which translates in 30,000 annual cardiovascular deaths attributable to HYP.

Home and ambulatory blood pressure levels below target range and clinical effort to detect this condition: a population-based study in older treated hypertensives.

Background: With implementation of stricter blood pressure (BP) treatment targets, potential for excessive BP lowering becomes an important issue, especially in older patients.

Objectives: Assess the magnitude, indicators and detection effort of BP levels below-target-range (BTR-BP) recommended by the European hypertension guidelines in older treated hypertensive patients (130-139/70-79 mmHg).

Design: Cross-sectional, retrospective study (Seniors-ENRICA-2 cohort).

2021 Spanish Society of Hypertension position statement about telemedicine.

The pandemic caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has forced, in many cases, to replace face-to-face consultation with the telematic consultation, in order to reduce the risk of contagion associated with the presence of patients in health centres. This change may represent an opportunity for a different and more effective communication between professionals and patients, allowing better accessibility to medical care and more systematic and comprehensive approach to patients with hypertension and cardiovascular risk. However, organisational tools are needed to facilitate communication between patients and professionals, specifically with the exchange of clinical data by remote monitoring of variables associated with hypertension and cardiovascular risk (blood pressure, weight, height, blood tests…), and allow monitoring of adherence to treatments, lifestyles and risk factors.

[Blood pressure measurement campaign (May Measurement Month) from community pharmacies in 2018: analysis of screening in Spain].

Introduction: Within the international project May Measurement Month, in Spain, the community pharmacy is where the greatest number of measurements are carried out and where the population can be made aware of the importance of regular blood pressure measurement.

Objectiv: To ascertain the situation of the Spanish population's blood pressure and dissemination of the importance of its regular measurement through the community pharmacies.

Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in Spanish community pharmacies during the month of May 2018, among pharmacy users of legal age.

May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Spain.

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is the single most important contributing risk factor to the global disease burden, leading to over 10 million deaths each year. In Spain, hypertension (HTN) affects around 20% of the adult population and remains the greatest attributable cause of cardiovascular mortality. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a worldwide initiative aimed at increasing awareness of HTN and to improve the lack of screening programmes worldwide.

[Awareness, treatment and control of blood pressure according to place of recruitment and sex in the May Measure Month 2018 survey in Spain].

Objective: To analyse the data, according to recruiting place and sex, of the survey May Measure Month in 2018 (MMM18) in Spain, promoted by the International Society of Hypertension.

Methods: Subjects more than 18 years old were studied. MMM18 protocol was performed.

[Position statement on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) by the Spanish Society of Hypertension (2019)].

Conventional blood pressure (BP) measurement in clinical practice is the most used procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension (HT), but is subject to considerable inaccuracies due to, on the one hand, the inherent variability of the BP itself and, on the other hand biases arising from the measurement technique and conditions, Some studies have demonstrated the prognosis superiority in the development of cardiovascular disease using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). It can also detect "white coat" hypertension, avoiding over-diagnosis and over-treatment in many cases, as well detecting of masked hypertension, avoiding under-detection and under-treatment. ABPM is recognised in the diagnosis and management of HT in most of international guidelines on hypertension.

Impact of the European and American guidelines on hypertension prevalence, treatment, and cardiometabolic goals.

Objectives: Unlike the 2018 European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension (ESC/ESH) guideline, the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline has recommended a shift in hypertension definition from blood pressure (BP) 140/90-130/80 mmHg. Further, they proposed somewhat different indications for antihypertensive medication. No data are available on the comprehensive impact of these guidelines in European countries, where physicians do not always follow guidelines from their own continent.

May Measurement Month 2017: an analysis of blood pressure screening in Spain-Europe.

May Measurement Month 2017 is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness of high blood pressure (BP) and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of screening programs worldwide, in which Spain participated actively. The primary objective was to raise awareness and increase control of BP in Spain. An opportunistic cross-sectional survey of volunteers aged ≥18 was set up in May 2017.

[Spanish Society of Hypertension position statement on the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guidelines].

The American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) have recently published their guidelines for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of hypertension in adults. The most controversial issue is the classification threshold at 130/80mmHg, which will allow a large number of patients to be diagnosed as hypertensive who were previously considered normotensive. Blood pressure (BP) is considered normal (<120mmHg systolic and <80mmHg diastolic), elevated (120-129 and <80mmHg), stage 1 (130-139 or 80-89mmHg), and stage 2 (≥140 or ≥90mmHg).

Frailty, Disability, and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Older Adults.

Background And Objective: Frailty and disability are associated with cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, in older people; however, little is known about their association with ambulatory blood pressure (BP). Thus, we assessed the relationship of frailty and disability with ambulatory BP in older adults.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Cross-sectional study of 1047 community-living individuals aged ≥60 years in Spain.

Short-term variability and nocturnal decline in ambulatory blood pressure in normotension, white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension and sustained hypertension: a population-based study of older individuals in Spain.

Blood pressure (BP) variability and nocturnal decline in blood pressure are associated with cardiovascular outcomes. However, little is known about whether these indexes are associated with white-coat and masked hypertension. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 1047 community-dwelling individuals aged ⩾60 years in Spain in 2012.

[Epidemiology of hypertension].

Hypertension (HT) is the first cause of death and disability worldwide. One in 3 adults in Spain is hypertensive (66% in those > 60 years). Despite improvement in hypertension management over time, only half of treated hypertensive patients are adequately controlled.

[Use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring].

Hypertension (HT) is the most important risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. Classically diagnosis and management have been based on conventional office blood pressure (BP) but it has as main limitation that only offers information of a particular time and presents multiple biases dependent on inherent variability of blood pressure and measurement technique itself. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) consists of performing multiple measurement of blood pressure, performed automatically, outside the medical setting, during the normal activities of the individual and in a 24-hour period.

[Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for hypertension diagnosis?].

The early and accurate diagnosis of hypertension is essential given its importance in the development of cardiovascular disease. The boundaries between normal blood pressure (BP) and hypertension are arbitrary and based on the benefits of treating exceeding those of not treating. Conventional BP measurement at the clinic only offers information of a particular time and presents multiple biases dependent on inherent variability of BP and measurement technique itself.

Impact of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring on Control of Untreated, Undertreated, and Resistant Hypertension in Older People in Spain.

Background And Objective: The impact of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) on hypertension control has not been fully assessed across the treatment spectrum in older community-living individuals and could have important implications; specifically, the number of untreated, undertreated, and treatment-resistant uncontrolled hypertensives in need of or with unnecessary drug treatment could vary with respect to studies based on conventional blood pressure (BP) measured in clinical settings.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2012 among 1118 community-living individuals aged ≥60 years in Spain.

Measurements: Three conventional BP measurements at participants' homes and 24-hour ABPM were performed under standardized conditions.

Impact of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring on Reclassification of Hypertension Prevalence and Control in Older People in Spain.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) accurately classifies blood pressure (BP) status but its impact on the prevalence and control of hypertension is little known. The authors conducted a cross-sectional study in 2012 among 1047 individuals 60 years and older from the follow-up of a population cohort in Spain. Three casual BP measurements and 24-hour ABPM were performed under standardized conditions.

Leptin Reference Values and Cutoffs for Identifying Cardiometabolic Abnormalities in the Spanish Population.

Introduction And Objectives: Estimate leptin reference values and calculate leptinemia cutoff values for identifying cardiometabolic abnormalities in Spain.

Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out between 2008 and 2010 in 11 540 individuals representing the Spanish population aged ≥ 18 years. Data were obtained by standardized physical examination and analyses were performed at a central laboratory.