Indoor air pollution and tobacco smoke exposure: impact on nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in mothers and infants in an African birth cohort study.

Indoor air pollution (IAP) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure may influence nasopharyngeal carriage of bacterial species and development of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). The aim of this study was to longitudinally investigate the impact of antenatal or postnatal IAP/ETS exposure on nasopharyngeal bacteria in mothers and infants. A South African cohort study followed mother-infant pairs from birth through the first year.

Specimen Pooling as a Diagnostic Strategy for Microbiologic Confirmation in Children with Intrathoracic Tuberculosis.

Three-hundred four young children with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis had a gastric aspirate, induced sputum and nasopharyngeal aspirate collected on each of 2 consecutive weekdays. Specimens collected on the second day were pooled in the laboratory for each child individually. The diagnostic yield by Xpert and culture from pooled specimens was not significantly different to a single gastric aspirate.

Empyema necessitans in a six-month-old girl.

Empyema necessitans is a rare complication of acute bacterial pneumonia, especially in children. It is a complication of empyema characterised by the extension of pus from the pleural cavity into the thoracic wall to form a mass of purulent fluid in the adjacent soft tissue. An inflammatory chest wall mass following pneumonia caused by in a six-month-old infant is reported.

Lethal fibrosing mediastinitis in a child possibly due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Fibrosing mediastinitis (FM) is a rare benign disease resulting from an excessive fibro-inflammatory reaction in the mediastinum that can compress and occlude mediastinal structures. There is a granulomatous and a diffuse non-granulomatous form of FM. We present a case of granulomatous FM following possible tuberculosis in a young child who presented with severe compression of the airways, pulmonary artery and the superior vena cava (SVC), unresponsive to treatment, resulting in death.

, a cause of necrotising pneumonia in childhood: a case series.

Setting: Tertiary care hospital, Western Cape, South Africa.

Design: Retrospective descriptive study of a case series of necrotising pneumonia (NP) in children associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis presenting over a 4-year period in a country with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) prevalence.

Objective: To describe the clinical and radiological features of, and treatment regimens and outcomes in, children with NP.

Early-life exposure to indoor air pollution or tobacco smoke and lower respiratory tract illness and wheezing in African infants: a longitudinal birth cohort study.

Background: Indoor air pollution (IAP) and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are associated with lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) or wheezing in children. However, the effect of the timing of these exposures, specifically antenatal versus postnatal, and of alternate fuel sources such as the increasingly used volatile organic compounds have not been well studied. We longitudinally investigated the effect of antenatal or postnatal IAP and ETS on LRTI or wheezing prevalence and severity in African infants.

HIV-related chronic lung disease in adolescents: are we prepared for the future?

Chronic lung diseases (CLD) are the most chronic disease occurring in adolescents living with human immunodeficiency virus (ALHIV). In ALHIV who received antiretroviral therapy (ART) late in childhood, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans and interstitial pneumonitis are common. In adolescents who received ART early in life the spectrum of CLD has changed with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease being common.

Stool Culture for Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children.

Bacteriological confirmation of is achieved in the minority of young children with tuberculosis (TB), since specimen collection is resource intensive and respiratory secretions are mostly paucibacillary, leading to limited sensitivity of available diagnostic tests. Although molecular tests are increasingly available globally, mycobacterial culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis and determination of drug susceptibility and is more sensitive than molecular methods for paucibacillary TB. We evaluated stool culture as an alternative to respiratory specimens for the diagnosis of suspected intrathoracic TB in a subgroup of 188 children (median age, 14.

Diagnosing diffuse lung disease in children in a middle-income country: the role of open lung biopsy.

Setting: A tertiary care hospital situated in a middle-income country with a high burden of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Objective: To determine the diagnostic yield of open lung biopsy (OLB) in children with diffuse lung disease (DLD), comparing findings in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected children.

Design: This 9-year retrospective study included 51 children with DLD (oxygen-dependent or on artificial ventilation), who required an OLB where the diagnosis remained uncertain after extensive investigations.

The association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood respiratory disease: a review.

Childhood respiratory illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality particularly in low and middle-income countries. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is a recognised risk factor for both acute and chronic respiratory illness. Areas covered: The aim of this paper was to review the epidemiology of ETS exposure and impact on respiratory health in children.

Xpert MTB/RIF on Stool Is Useful for the Rapid Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Young Children With Severe Pulmonary Disease.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to result in high morbidity and mortality in children from resource-limited settings. Diagnostic challenges, including resource-intense sputum collection methods and insensitive diagnostic tests, contribute to diagnostic delay and poor outcomes in children. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of stool Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) compared with bacteriologic confirmation (combination of Xpert and culture of respiratory samples).

The indications and role of paediatric bronchoscopy in a developing country, with high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV.

Background: Bronchoscopy, an important investigation for the diagnosis and management of respiratory diseases, is widely used in high income countries. There is limited information on value of paediatric bronchoscopy in low and middle income countries (LMIC).

Aims And Objectives: Aim was to describe the indications, findings and complications of bronchoscopy in a middle income country with a high prevalence of tuberculosis and HIV.

Antenatal and early life tobacco smoke exposure in an African birth cohort study.

Background: Exposure to tobacco smoke in African infants has not been well studied, despite the high burden of childhood respiratory disease in these communities.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of antenatal and early life tobacco smoke exposure and associations with infant birth outcomes in an African birth cohort, the Drakenstein Child Health Study.

Methods: Self-report questionnaires assessing maternal and household smoking were administered.

Socioeconomic factors associated with asthma prevalence and severity among children living in low-income South African communities.

Background: Rates of asthma, poverty and social deprivation are high among young people in South Africa (SA), yet asthma interventions largely remain focused on biomedical factors.

Objective: To investigate associations between socioeconomic factors and childhood asthma.

Methods: We recruited 6 002 children aged 10 - 17 years from six low-income urban and rural sites in three SA provinces.

The background and rationale for a new fixed-dose combination for first-line treatment of tuberculosis in children.

In 2010, the World Health Organization revised the recommendations for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in children. The major revision was to increase isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide dosages according to body weight in children. The recommendations for higher dosages are based on consistent evidence from 1) pharmacokinetic studies suggesting that young children require higher dosages than adolescents and adults to achieve desired serum concentrations; and 2) observational studies reporting that the higher dosages would not be associated with increased risk of toxicity in children.

The simple bread tag - a menace to society?

Foreign bodies are potentially life-threatening when inhaled by a child, depending on where they lodge. Symptoms can range from acute upper airway obstruction to mild, vague respiratory complaints. Between 80% and 90% of inhaled foreign bodies occlude the bronchi, while the larynx is a less common site.

Potentially Modifiable Factors Associated with Death of Infants and Children with Severe Pneumonia Routinely Managed in District Hospitals in Malawi.

Objective: To investigate recognised co-morbidities and clinical management associated with inpatient pneumonia mortality in Malawian district hospitals.

Methods: Prospective cohort study, of patient records, carried out in Malawi between 1st October 2000 and 30th June 2003. The study included all children aged 0-59 months admitted to the paediatric wards in sixteen district hospitals throughout Malawi with severe and very severe pneumonia.

Home environment and indoor air pollution exposure in an African birth cohort study.

Background: Household indoor air pollution (IAP) is a global health problem and a risk factor for childhood respiratory disease; the leading cause of mortality in African children. This study aimed to describe the home environment and measure IAP in the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS), an African birth cohort.

Methods: An antenatal home visit to assess the home environment and measure IAP (particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) was done on pregnant women enrolled to the DCHS, in a low-socioeconomic, peri-urban South African community.