Efficient phosphorus removal from MBR effluent with heated aluminum oxide particles (HAOPs).

Biological processes and chemical precipitation in combination with polishing by granular media or membrane filtration can remove 90-95% of the phosphorus (P) from wastewater. However, reducing the concentration to levels near those in high-quality receiving waters requires additional advanced treatment, typically including adsorption onto specialty media. These processes are often costly, they can be hard to control when the P loading varies, and their effectiveness can be compromised by the presence of competing adsorbates in the water.