Radiation exposure during cardiac device implantation: Lessons learned from a multicenter registry.

Background: Little data are available about radiation exposure during cardiac electrical device implantation, and no dose reference levels have been published. This multicenter, prospective, observational study assesses patient and staff radiation exposure during cardiac device implantations, and aims at defining dose reference levels.

Methods: Patient demographic, procedural, and radiation data were obtained for 657 procedures from nine institutions.