The memory binding test can anticipate Alzheimer's disease diagnosis at an early preclinical stage: a longitudinal study in the INSIGHTpreAD cohort.

Introduction: Anticipating the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) at an early asymptomatic at-risk stage, where therapeutics can more effectively delay conscious cognitive decline, is currently among the biggest challenges in the field. Herein, we aimed to compare the capacity of the Memory Binding Test (MBT) with the official diagnostic tool, the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT), to anticipate AD diagnosis at an early preclinical stage based on the associative memory component of MBT (binding), suggested as more sensitive to the emergence of subtle episodic memory (EM) deficits (AD hallmark).

Methods: We assessed the tests performance longitudinally (over 5 years) in 263 cognitively-normal elderly individuals at risk of AD (>6 months of subjective memory complaints) using linear mixed-effect models controlled for age, sex, and education.

The Memory Binding Test Detects Early Subtle Episodic Memory Decline in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: A Longitudinal Study.

Background: The asymptomatic at-risk phase might be the optimal time-window to establish clinically meaningful endpoints in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Objective: We investigated whether, compared with the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT), the Memory Binding Test (MBT) can anticipate the diagnosis of emergent subtle episodic memory (EM) deficits to an at-risk phase.

Methods: Five-year longitudinal FCSRT and MBT scores from 45 individuals matched for age, education, and gender, were divided into 3 groups of 15 subjects: Aβ-/controls, Aβ+/stable, and Aβ+/progressors (preclinical-AD).

The Role of Er-yag Glass Laser in Skin Resurfacing.

Following our survey, we can appreciate that a variety of laser platforms exist to rejuvenate the skin by resurfacing the outer layer of the skin as well as heating the lower layers of the dermis. Based on reliable clinical effectiveness and a limited side effect profile, we can confirm that nonablative fractionated technologies greatly improve the appearance of lentigines, rhytids; eliminate sun damage, attenuate scarring due to acne and other causes; and treat hyperpigmentation. The Fraxel (Solta Medical) laser system delivers pulses across a wide range of density and energy levels.

Episodic memory false recognition for familiar information in Alzheimer's disease.

Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) suffer from various types of memory distortions. We showed that confabulations are plausible memories, mainly reflecting the recall of repeated personal events mistakenly considered by confabulating patients as specific and unique events. The aim of this study is to see whether the notion that over-learned information interferes in episodic memory recall, as it does in confabulation, can be extended to another type of memory distortion, namely false recognition (i.

Confabulation affecting Temporal Consciousness significantly more than Knowing Consciousness.

Confabulation, defined as the production of statements and actions that are unintentionally incongruous to the patient's history, background, present and future situation, is a rather infrequent memory disorder, which usually affects patients with significant memory impairment, but may be also observed in patients with normal memory and learning abilities. Confabulation may be selective affecting some cognitive, memory domains while relatively sparing others. In particular, it may affect more Temporal Consciousness, i.

Which Episodic Memory Performance is Associated with Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers in Elderly Cognitive Complainers? Evidence from a Longitudinal Observational Study with Four Episodic Memory Tests (Insight-PreAD).

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is found in the brain years before symptoms are usually detected. An episodic memory (EM) decline is considered to be the specific cognitive sign indicating a transition from the preclinical to the prodromal stage of AD. However, there is still no consensus on the most sensitive tool to detect it.

Different patterns of confabulation in left visuo-spatial neglect.

Confabulating patients produce statements and actions that are unintentionally incongruous to their history, background, present and future situation. Here we present the very unusual case of a patient with right hemisphere damage and signs of left visual neglect, who, when presented with visual stimuli, confabulated both for consciously undetected and for consciously detected left-sided details. Advanced anatomical investigation suggested a disconnection between the parietal and the temporal lobes in the right hemisphere.

Screening for confabulations with the confabulation screen.

The objective of this work is to devise and validate a sensitive and specific test for confabulatory impairment. We conceived a screening test for confabulation, the Confabulation Screen (CS), a brief test using 10 questions of episodic memory (EM), where confabulators most frequently confabulate. It was postulated that the CS would predict confabulations not only in EM, but also in the other subordinate structures of personal temporality, namely the present and the future.

The confabulation battery: Instructions and international data from normal participants.

Confabulation is an unusual sign in neurological and in neuropsychological pathologies. In this article we present an objective neuropsychological instrument, the Confabulation Battery (CB), which allows the quantifying and qualifying of different types of confabulations. The CB was administered to French and Italian normal participants.

A longitudinal study of confabulation.

Confabulation, the production of statements and actions that are unintentionally incongruous to the subject's history, background, present and future situation, is a rather infrequent disorder, observed in several conditions affecting the nervous system. Little is known about the quantitative and qualitative evolution of confabulation in time. In this study we evaluated longitudinally the evolution of this disorder in a group of severe confabulators, using the Confabulation Battery (CB), a sensitive tool to detect confabulations in various memory domains.

Different patterns of recollection impairment in confabulation reveal different disorders of consciousness: A multiple case study.

Recollection is used to refer to the active process of setting up retrieval cues, evaluating the outcome, and systematically working toward a representation of a past experience that we find acceptable. In this study we report on three patients showing different patterns of confabulation affecting recollection and consciousness differentially. All patients confabulated in the episodic past domain.

Recovery from confabulation after normotensive hydrocephalus shunting.

Confabulation, the production of statements and actions that are unintentionally incongruous to the subject's history, background, present and future situation, is observed in several conditions affecting the nervous system, but it has never been described in normotensive hydrocephalus. In this article we report on a patient with normotensive hydrocephalus who suffered from an amnesic-confabulatory syndrome. After hydrocephalus shunting, both amnesia and confabulation cleared up abruptly.

For a Cognitive Model of Subjective Memory Awareness.

The clinical challenge in subjective memory decline (SMD) is to identify which individuals will present memory deficits. Since its early description from Babinsky, who coined the term 'anosognosia' (i.e.

A neurophenomenological model for the role of the hippocampus in temporal consciousness. Evidence from confabulation.

Confabulation, the production of statements or actions that are unintentionally incongruous to the subject's history, background, present and future situation, is a rather infrequent disorder with different aetiologies and anatomical lesions. Although they may differ in many ways, confabulations show major similarities. Their content, with some minor exceptions, is plausible and therefore indistinguishable from true memories, unless one is familiar with the patient's history, background, present and future situation.

Confabulators mistake multiplicity for uniqueness.

Some patients with organic amnesia show confabulation, the production of statements and actions unintentionally incongruous to the subject's history, present and future situation. It has been shown that confabulators tend to report as unique and specific personal memories, events or actions that belong to their habits and routines (Habits Confabulations). We consider that habits and routines can be characterized by multiplicity, as opposed to uniqueness.

The hippocampus, a time machine that makes errors.

Patients who confabulate have at least partially preserved hippocampus and make confabulatory errors in remembering their past, in orienting themselves in time and space, and in predicting their personal future. Conversely, complete bilateral hippocampal damage produces deep amnesia, temporo-spatial disorientation, and inability to predict the personal future. We propose that the hippocampus is the neural correlate of 'temporal consciousness', which is lost in amnesia and present, but malfunctioning in confabulation.

True and False DRM Memories: Differences Detected with an Implicit Task.

Memory is prone to illusions. When people are presented with lists of words associated with a non-presented critical lure, they produce a high level of false recognitions (false memories) for non-presented related stimuli indistinguishable, at the explicit level, from presented words (DRM paradigm). We assessed whether true and false DRM memories can be distinguished at the implicit level by using the autobiographical IAT (aIAT), a novel method based on indirect measures that permits to detect true autobiographical events encoded in the respondent's mind/brain.

Confabulation in healthy aging is related to poor encoding and retrieval of over-learned information.

Normal aging is characterized by deficits that cross multiple cognitive domains including episodic memory and attention. Compared to young adults (YA), older adults (OA) not only show reduction in true memories, but also an increase in false memories. In this study we aim to elucidate how the production of confabulation is influenced by encoding and retrieval processes.

Behavioural and magnetoencephalographic evidence for the interaction between semantic and episodic memory in healthy elderly subjects.

The relationship between episodic and semantic memory systems has long been debated. Some authors argue that episodic memory is contingent on semantic memory (Tulving 1984), while others postulate that both systems are independent since they can be selectively damaged (Squire 1987). The interaction between these memory systems is particularly important in the elderly, since the dissociation of episodic and semantic memory defects characterize different aging-related pathologies.

Distorted temporal consciousness and preserved knowing consciousness in confabulation: a case study.

In this study we describe a patient, TA, who developed a chronic amnesic-confabulatory syndrome, following rupture of a right internal carotid siphon aneurysm. Our aim was to elucidate as fully as possible the nature of TA's impairment and to test the hypothesis of confabulation as reflecting a dysfunction of Temporal Consciousness, i.e.

Confabulation in Alzheimer's disease and amnesia: a qualitative account and a new taxonomy.

Clinical and experimental observation have shown that patients who confabulate, especially but not exclusively when provoked by specific questions, retrieve personal habits, repeated events or over-learned information and mistake them for actually experienced, specific, unique events. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to characterize and quantify the relative contribution of this type of confabulation, which we refer to as Habits Confabulation (HC), to confabulations produced by 10 mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 8 confabulating amnesics (CA) of various etiologies. On the Confabulation Battery (Dalla Barba, 1993a, Dalla Barba & Decaix, 2009), a set of questions involving the retrieval of various kinds of semantic and episodic information, patients produced a total of 424 confabulation.

Confabulation in healthy aging is related to interference of overlearned, semantically similar information on episodic memory recall.

Normal aging is characterized by reduced performance on tasks of long-term memory. Older adults (OA) not only show reduced performance on tasks of recall and recognition memory, but also, compared to young adults (YA), are more vulnerable to memory distortions. In this study we describe the performance of a group of OA and a group of YA on the recall of three different types of story: a previously unknown story, a well-known fairy tale (Sleeping Beauty), and a modified well-known fairy tale (Little Red Riding Hood is not eaten by the wolf).

Temporal consciousness and confabulation: is the medial temporal lobe "temporal"?

Since the early descriptions of this phenomenon, there is a large consensus on the distinction between two forms of confabulation. Provoked confabulations are plausible minor memory distortions in response to direct questioning, whereas spontaneous confabulations are unprovoked, often implausible, memories. However, as we show with the analysis of 284 provoked and 52 spontaneous confabulations produced by eight patients with confabulatory syndromes of different aetiologies, the provoked/spontaneous distinction fails to capture the quality of the great majority of confabulations that clearly do not fall in either of the two poles of the distinction.

Confabulation in Alzheimer's disease: poor encoding and retrieval of over-learned information.

Patients who confabulate retrieve personal habits, repeated events or over-learned information and mistake them for actually experienced, specific unique events. Although some hypotheses favour a disruption of frontal/executive functions operating at retrieval, the respective involvement of encoding and retrieval processes in confabulation is still controversial. The present study sought to investigate experimentally the involvement of encoding and retrieval processes and the interference of over-learned information in the confabulation of Alzheimer's disease patients.