Comparative effects of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine on mitochondrial damage and cGAS/STING-driven inflammation in liver of hypothyroid rats.

Maintaining a well-functioning mitochondrial network through the mitochondria quality control (MQC) mechanisms, including biogenesis, dynamics and mitophagy, is crucial for overall health. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxidative stress and further exacerbated by impaired quality control can trigger inflammation through the release of the damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs). mtDAMPs act by stimulating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway.

Ventral striatal-cingulate resting-state functional connectivity in healthy adolescents relates to later depression symptoms in adulthood.

Background: Depression is a significant public health concern. Identifying biopsychosocial risk factors for depression is important for developing targeted prevention. Studies have demonstrated that blunted striatal activation during reward processing is a risk factor for depression; however, few have prospectively examined whether adolescent reward-related resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) predicts depression symptoms in adulthood and how this relates to known risk factors (e.

Effects of L. Polyphenols on the Animal Welfare and Milk Quality in Dairy Cows.

Here, we evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation with an L. extract on the animal welfare and milk quality of dairy cows. Thirty Italian Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in the mid-lactation phase (90 to 210 days) were blocked into experimental groups based on parity class (namely, primiparous (P) (n = 10), secondiparous (S) (n = 10) and pluriparous (PL) (n = 10)) and received, for 60 days, Phenofeed Dry at 500 mg/cow/day.

Exercise Equals the Mobilization of Visceral versus Subcutaneous Adipose Fatty Acid Molecules in Fasted Rats Associated with the Modulation of the AMPK/ATGL/HSL Axis.

Combining exercise with fasting is known to boost fat mass-loss, but detailed analysis on the consequential mobilization of visceral and subcutaneous WAT-derived fatty acids has not been performed. In this study, a subset of fasted male rats (66 h) was submitted to daily bouts of mild exercise. Subsequently, by using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, the content of 22 fatty acids (FA) in visceral (v) versus subcutaneous (sc) white adipose tissue (WAT) depots was compared to those found in response to the separate events.

Physiological Approaches Targeting Cellular and Mitochondrial Pathways Underlying Adipose Organ Senescence.

The adipose organ is involved in many metabolic functions, ranging from the production of endocrine factors to the regulation of thermogenic processes. Aging is a natural process that affects the physiology of the adipose organ, leading to metabolic disorders, thus strongly impacting healthy aging. Cellular senescence modifies many functional aspects of adipose tissue, leading to metabolic alterations through defective adipogenesis, inflammation, and aberrant adipocytokine production, and in turn, it triggers systemic inflammation and senescence, as well as insulin resistance in metabolically active tissues, leading to premature declined physiological features.

Chronic Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Damages Thyroid Activity and Imbalances Hepatic Thyroid Hormones Signaling and Glucose Metabolism: Dependency of T3-FOXO1 Axis by Hyperglycemia.

Early life exposure to Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs), such as the organophosphate pesticide Chlorpyrifos (CPF), affects the thyroid activity and dependent process, including the glucose metabolism. The damage of thyroid hormones (THs) as a mechanism of action of CPF is underestimated because the studies rarely consider that TH levels and signaling are customized peripherally. Here, we investigated the impairment of metabolism/signaling of THs and lipid/glucose metabolism in the livers of 6-month-old mice, developmentally and lifelong exposed to 0.

Heightened adolescent emotional reactivity in the brain is associated with lower future distress tolerance and higher depressive symptoms.

Distress tolerance, the ability to persist while experiencing negative psychological states, is essential for regulating emotions and is a transdiagnostic risk/resiliency trait for multiple psychopathologies. Studying distress tolerance during adolescence, a period when emotion regulation is still developing, may help identify early risk and/or protective factors. This study included 40 participants (mean scan age = 17.

Adolescent Substance Use Is Associated With Altered Brain Response During Processing of Negative Emotional Stimuli.

Objective: Substance misuse is often associated with emotional dysregulation. Understanding the neurobiology of emotional responsivity and regulation as it relates to substance use in adolescence may be beneficial for preventing future use.

Method: The present study used a community sample, ages 11-21 years old ( = 130, = 17), to investigate the effects of alcohol and marijuana use on emotional reactivity and regulation using an Emotional Go-NoGo task during functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Short-term fructose feeding alters tissue metabolic pathways by modulating microRNAs expression both in young and adult rats.

Dietary high fructose (HFrD) is known as a metabolic disruptor contributing to the development of obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Children are more sensitive to sugar than adults due to the distinct metabolic profile, therefore it is especially relevant to study the metabolic alterations induced by HFrD and the mechanisms underlying such changes in animal models of different ages. Emerging research suggests the fundamental role of epigenetic factors such as microRNAs (miRNAs) in metabolic tissue injury.

Autophagy and mitochondrial damage in the testis of high-fat diet fed rats.

High-fat diet (HFD) affects the physiology of reproduction in males, and many studies have investigated its detrimental effects. In this study, we investigated the cellular response induced by an HFD in the rat testis, focusing on the mitochondrial compartment. After five weeks of HFD, an increase in the levels of malondialdehyde and of reduced form of glutathione in the rat testis indicated an increase in lipid peroxidation.

High-fat diet affects autophagy and mitochondrial compartment in rat Harderian gland.

The Harderian gland (HG) of Rattus norvegicus is an orbital gland secreting lipids that accumulate in excess under condition of increased lipid metabolism. To study the response elicitated by lipid overload in rat HG, we housed the animals in thermoneutral conditions (28-30°C) in association to high fat diet (HFD). In HFD rats alterated blood lipid levels result in lipid accumulation in HG as demonstrated by the increased gland weight and histochemical/ultrastructural analyses.

Ablation of uncoupling protein 3 affects interrelated factors leading to lipolysis and insulin resistance in visceral white adipose tissue.

The physiological role played by uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in white adipose tissue (WAT) has not been elucidated so far. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of the absence of the whole body UCP3 on WAT physiology in terms of ability to store triglycerides, oxidative capacity, response to insulin, inflammation, and adipokine production. Wild type (WT) and UCP3 Knockout (KO) mice housed at thermoneutrality (30°C) have been used as the animal model.

Mild Endurance Exercise during Fasting Increases Gastrocnemius Muscle and Prefrontal Cortex Thyroid Hormone Levels through Differential BHB and BCAA-Mediated BDNF-mTOR Signaling in Rats.

Mild endurance exercise has been shown to compensate for declined muscle quality and may positively affect the brain under conditions of energy restriction. Whether this involves brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation in relation to central and peripheral tissue levels of associated factors such as beta hydroxy butyrate (BHB), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and thyroid hormone (T3) has not been studied. Thus, a subset of male Wistar rats housed at thermoneutrality that were fed or fasted was submitted to 30-min-mild treadmill exercise bouts (five in total, twice daily, 15 m/min, 0° inclination) over a period of 66 h.

Pax8 and Nkx2-1 haploinsufficiencies differentially affect liver metabolic pathways.

Thyroid dysfunctions are associated with liver diseases ranging, in severity, from insulin resistance (IR) to hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenic mechanisms appear complex and are not attributable, exclusively, to the impaired thyroid hormone (TH) signalling. Using a mouse model of human congenital hypothyroidism, young double heterozygote for both NK2 homeobox 1 (Nkx2-1)- and Paired box 8 (Pax8)-null mutations (DHTP) mice, and single heterozygous Pax8+/- and Nkx2-1+/- mice, we studied the liver pathways, the endocrine and metabolic factors affected in conditions of different dysthyroidisms.

Altered Mitochondrial Quality Control in Rats with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) Induced by High-Fat Feeding.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is defined as the presence of hepatic steatosis in addition to one of three metabolic conditions: overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or metabolic dysregulation. Chronic exposure to excess dietary fatty acids may cause hepatic steatosis and metabolic disturbances. The alteration of the quality of mitochondria is one of the factors that could contribute to the metabolic dysregulation of MAFDL.

Adolescent novelty seeking is associated with greater ventral striatal and prefrontal brain response during evaluation of risk and reward.

Adolescence is a period during which reward sensitivity is heightened. Studies suggest that there are individual differences in adolescent reward-seeking behavior, attributable to a variety of factors, including temperament. This study investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of risk and reward evaluation as they relate to self-reported pleasure derived from novel experiences on the revised Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire (EATQ-R).

Sample-Pooling Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Detection among Students and Staff of the University of Sannio.

Since the beginning of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, it has been clear that testing large groups of the population was the key to stem infection and prevent the effects of the coronavirus disease of 2019, mostly among sensitive patients. On the other hand, time and cost-sustainability of virus detection by molecular analysis such as reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) may be a major issue if testing is extended to large communities, mainly asymptomatic large communities. In this context, sample-pooling and test grouping could offer an effective solution.

Short-Term, Combined Fasting and Exercise Improves Body Composition in Healthy Males.

Fasting enhances the beneficial metabolic outcomes of exercise; however, it is unknown whether body composition is favorably modified on the short term. A baseline-follow-up study was carried out to assess the effect of an established protocol involving short-term combined exercise with fasting on body composition. One hundred seven recreationally exercising males underwent a 10-day intervention across 15 fitness centers in the Netherlands involving a 3-day gradual decrease of food intake, a 3-day period with extremely low caloric intake, and a gradual 4-day increase to initial caloric intake, with daily 30-min submaximal cycling.

Thyroid Hormones and Functional Ovarian Reserve: Systemic vs. Peripheral Dysfunctions.

Thyroid hormones (THs) exert pleiotropic effects in different mammalian organs, including gonads. Genetic and non-genetic factors, such as ageing and environmental stressors (e.g.

Mild Exercise Rescues Steroidogenesis and Spermatogenesis in Rats Submitted to Food Withdrawal.

The present investigation was undertaken to increase our insight into the molecular basis of the physiological changes in rat testis induced by food withdrawal, and to clarify whether reduced testicular function can be ameliorated by mild exercise. Male rats were selected for four separate experiments. The first of each group was chow-fed, the second was chow-fed and submitted to exercise (5 bouts in total for 30 min at 15 m/min, and 0° inclination), the third was submitted to food withdrawal (66 h) and the fourth was submitted to food withdrawal and to exercise.

Exercise with food withdrawal at thermoneutrality impacts fuel use, the microbiome, AMPK phosphorylation, muscle fibers, and thyroid hormone levels in rats.

Exercise under fasting conditions induces a switch to lipid metabolism, eliciting beneficial metabolic effects. Knowledge of signaling responses underlying metabolic adjustments in such conditions may help to identify therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we studied the effect of mild exercise on rats submitted to food withdrawal at thermoneutrality (28°C) for 3 days.

Fibre-enriched buckwheat pasta modifies blood glucose response compared to corn pasta in individuals with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: Acute randomized controlled trial.

Aim: People with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease (T1D&CD) have high blood glucose variability. Processed gluten-free foods have shown to induce a worse metabolic profile whereas naturally gluten-free foods may represent healthier options. On the other hand, dietary fibre has shown to reduce postprandial glycemic excursions in individuals with diabetes.