Chemical mutagenesis of Listeria monocytogenes for increased tolerance to benzalkonium chloride shows independent genetic underpinnings and off-target antibiotic resistance.

Listeria monocytogenes, a potentially fatal foodborne pathogen commonly found in food processing facilities, creates a significant economic burden that totals more than $2 billion annually in the United States due to outbreaks. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), including benzalkonium chloride (BAC), are among the most widely used sanitizers to inhibit the growth and spread of L. monocytogenes from food processing facilities.

Transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing and phenotypic analysis of after acid exposure for different time durations using adaptive laboratory evolution.

Introduction: This study is the final part of a two-part series that delves into the molecular mechanisms driving adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) of in acid stress. The phenotypic and transcriptomic alterations in the acid-evolved lineages (EL) of serovar Enteritidis after 70 days of acid stress exposure were analyzed.

Materials And Methods: The stability of phenotypic changes observed after 70 days in acetic acid was explored after stress removal using a newly developed evolutionary lineage EL5.

Adaptive laboratory evolution of in acid stress.

Introduction: Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) studies play a crucial role in understanding the adaptation and evolution of different bacterial species. In this study, we have investigated the adaptation and evolution of serovar Enteritidis to acetic acid using ALE.

Materials And Methods: Acetic acid concentrations below the minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) were used.

Efficacy of acidified water-in-oil emulsions against desiccated as a function of acid carbon chain-length and membrane viscosity.

Sanitizing low-moisture food (LMF) processing equipment is challenging due to the increased heat resistance of spp. in low-water activity (a) environments. Food-grade oils mixed with acetic acid have been shown effective against desiccated .

Oil-Based Sanitization in Low-Moisture Environments: Delivery of Acetic Acid with Water-in-Oil Emulsions.

Contamination with Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes is concerning across low-moisture food (LMF)-processing environments due to the pronounced survival of these organisms under dry conditions. This study treated desiccated bacteria with acetic acid delivered by oil with and without water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion.

Efficacy of Acidified Oils against in Low-Moisture Environments.

When processing low-moisture, high-fat foods such as peanut butter and nuts, water-based sanitization is unsuitable due to the immiscible nature of water and fats. Dry sanitization mainly uses flammable compounds such as isopropanol, requiring equipment cooling before application. The use of oils to deliver antimicrobials against foodborne pathogens enables the use of elevated temperatures, thus eliminating processing downtimes associated with dry sanitization.

An Experimental Adult Zebrafish Model for Pathogenesis, Transmission, and Vaccine Efficacy Studies.

Shigellosis has been a menace to society for ages. The absence of an effective vaccine against , improper sanitation, and unhygienic use of food and water allow the disease to flourish. can also be transmitted via natural water bodies.

Evaluation of the efficacy of antimicrobials against pathogens on food contact surfaces using a rapid microbial log reduction detection method.

Microbial contamination of food contact surfaces in food processing industries is a significant health hazard. Evaluating the efficacy of sanitizing agents used during food processing is essential to ensure public health and safety. This study describes an optical screening method using an oCelloScope to quantify the number of surviving bacterial cells, expressed as microbial log reduction (MLR), after antimicrobial treatment.

Effect of Abamectin on Fungal Growth and Its Efficacy as a Miticide in the Laboratory.

Abamectin was tested for use with solid agar media in the laboratory to eliminate or kill the common mold mite spp. in fungal cultures of and , two important grape pathogens involved in grapevine trunk disease. Abamectin concentrations tested were at or below the recommended dosage for abamectin in greenhouse spray applications (≤625 µg/ml) to control mites and determine the following: (i) if fungal growth would be inhibited and (ii) if mites would be killed or their activity suppressed.

History of psychiatry in Bengal.

The history of psychiatry in Bengal mirrors the history of psychiatry in India. With Bengal being an important location for the East India Company, it became the locus for much infrastructure development, including the setting up of lunatic asylums. This article traces the development of psychiatric care in Bengal, from the early time of private asylums exclusively for Europeans, to psychiatric care in the present time.

Neuropsychiatric profiles in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.

Background/aims: The aim of the following study is to compare the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in patients of Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD).

Materials And Methods: We used National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for diagnosing AD and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association International pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences Criteria for diagnosing VaD. VaD cohort was further subcategorized into small vessel and large vessel disease.

Cervical screening by visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is well accepted by women--results from a community-based study in rural India.

Objective: Among the low cost alternative screening tests Visual Inspection after Acetic Acid Application (VIA) has been found to be most promising. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the safety and acceptability of VIA done by health workers among rural Indian women. We also evaluated the level of women's satisfaction with the screening program.

Quality of medication information available on retail pharmacy Web sites.

Background: The Internet is becoming an important source for medication information. Although the quality of consumer medication information (CMI) in brick and mortar pharmacies has been reported to be suboptimal, little is known about the quality of CMI offered by pharmacy Web sites.

Objective: To evaluate the quality, readability, and provision of Web functionality of 4 popular medications (atenolol, nitroglycerin, atorvastatin, and glyburide) available on the websites of 3 of the largest retail pharmacies: Walgreens, CVS Pharmacy, and Rite Aid.

Women's perceptions and social barriers determine compliance to cervical screening: results from a population based study in India.

Background: Success of cervical screening initiatives depends on high participation of the target population, which in turn is determined by the women's perceptions, health orientation and other socio-cultural issues. The present study identifies the immediate social and cultural barriers that prevent women to attend cervical screening facilities.

Methods: Women non-compliant to a community-based cervical screening program were identified.

Synthesis, receptor binding and tissue distribution of 17 alpha-E[125I]iodovinyl-11 beta-ethyl-estradiol.

In this study we prepared and evaluated a derivative of estradiol with an ethyl group at the 11 beta-position and an E-iodovinyl group at the 17 alpha-position. This new ligand binds to the estrogen receptor with an affinity slightly less than estradiol (RBA = 43%) at 0 degree C but much greater (RBA = 890%) at 25 degrees C. The 125I-labeled derivative was obtained by radioiododestannylation of the tri-n-butylstannyl precursor in good radiochemical yield with a specific activity exceeding 1500 Ci/mmol.

4-Amino-3-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-pyrazole-carb oni trile. Synthesis and conversion into a sugar-blocked 5,7-disubstituted formycin analog.

The title compound, a potential intermediate to protected C-nucleoside analogs related to formycin A, was synthesized via a new route wherein 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1-O-p-nitrophenyl)-D-ribofuranose was converted to 2,5-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-D-allonic acid, and further transformed into 4-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-5-ethoxycarbonyl-3-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D- ribofuranosyl)pyrazole. After amidation and dehydration to form the 4-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-5-pyrazolecarbonitrile, acidolysis followed by a Curtius-type sequence afforded the 4-amino-5-pyrazole-carbonitrile nucleoside. Treatment of the latter with nitrous acid and copper chloride in a Sandmeyer-type reaction gave a diazonitrile rather than a chloronitrile.