Plasma cytokines profile in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: a comparative study in terms of inflammation.

Background: Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease inflict economic and health burdens on societies. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is accompanied by progressive degradation of memory, decision-making, and judgment. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and loss of balance.

Salivary levels of disease-related biomarkers in the early stages of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease: .

Introduction: Finding a non-invasive and repeatable tool has been recommended to make an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: 70 volunteers participated in three groups: 24 with mild dementia of AD, 24 in the first and second stages of PD, and 22 healthy controls. After valuing the scores of cognitive tests, the salivary levels of phosphorylated tau (p-tau), total alpha-synuclein (α-syn), and beta-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ)‏‎ proteins have been evaluated.

Identical twins with progressive kyphoscoliosis and ophthalmoplegia.

The possible differential diagnoses for children presenting with kyphoscoliosis, skeletal deformities and ophthalmoplegia are diverse. We present 11-year-old identical twins with these symptoms, with interesting etiological concern for those practicing in the fields of neurology, pediatrics, spine surgery and related specialties. A new presentation for a rare genetic condition was the final diagnosis for our patients.

Impact of anticholinergic drugs withdrawal on motor function in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Objectives: Physicians have prescribed anticholinergic agents as monotherapy or adjuvant therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease for decades. However, these medications can cause many adverse effects including gait freezing and falling. Herein we assessed the effects of anticholinergic medications on motor function, freezing of gait and falling in a group of patients with PD.

Long term follow-up results of deep brain stimulation of the Globus pallidus interna in pediatric patients with DYT1-positive dystonia.

Objectives: Primary generalized dystonia (PGD) due to heterozygous torsin 1A (TOR1A) gene mutation (DYT1) is a childhood onset dystonia with rapid deterioration of symptoms, leading to severe disability in adolescence. Globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation (GPi-DBS) has been shown to provide significant improvement in these cases.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of TOR1A mutation positive dystonia patients, conducted at a university hospital from 2006 to 2018.

Parkinsonism management issues in a patient with exhausted subthalamic deep brain stimulation battery, stricken by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Nowadays, many neurological conditions, including Parkinson's disease (PD), are treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS). Life-threatening consequences can occur from DBS hardware failure or sudden implantable pulse generator (IPG) battery depletion. This issue may potentially worsen in concomitance with medical or infectious conditions, requiring stronger emergency management.

Gait Impairment in Myoclonus-Dystonia (DYT-).

Background: Myoclonus-dystonia usually presents variable combination of myoclonus and dystonia mainly affecting the neck and arms, but leg involvement, especially as the presenting sign, is not common.

Case Report: A 29-year-old lady with a heterozygous mutation in Epsilon-sarcoglycan () gene is presented with rapid jerks of the right leg interfering with walking. She has also manifested dystonic posture and jerks of the trunk and proximal upper limbs.

Midbrain area for differentiating Parkinson's disease from progressive supranuclear palsy.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the values of midbrain area in diagnosing Parkinson's Disease (PD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) by using transcranial sonography (TCS). Disease duration effect on brain sonographic findings could decrease the accuracy of TCS in PD and PSP patients. We reduced the disease duration effect on sonographic differences found between PD and PSP patients by using multivariate analysis.

Anteromedial GPi deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome: The first case series from Iran.

Objectives: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by childhood onset motor and phonic tics. In refractory cases, deep brain stimulation (DBS) with different targets including anteromedial Globus pallidus (AM-GPi) looks promising.

Patients And Methods: Patients with TS diagnosed according to DSM-IV TR criteria with severe medication-recalcitrant disease referred to our DBS clinic, were recruited for this study.

Tardive Akathisia with Asymmetric and Upper-body Presentation: Report of Two Cases and Literature Review.

Background: Akathisia is an inner urge to move a body area with an objective motor component of restlessness. Tardive akathisia (TA) is usually bilateral with a predominant lower-body presentation. We report two patients with an asymmetrical predominantly upper-body involvement.

Tremor-Dominant Pantothenate Kinase-associated Neurodegeneration.

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) includes a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by iron deposition in the basal ganglia. Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is the most common NBIA and has 2 main presentations: typical and atypical, the latter rarely presents with tremor. Our reported patients underwent full neurologic examination, standard brain magnetic imaging, and genetic testing for PKAN.

Mutations in C19orf12 and intronic repeat expansions in C9orf72 not observed in Iranian Parkinson's disease patients.

Various neurodegenerative disorders share some clinical features that sometimes renders differential diagnosis challenging. Genetic-based classification also has limitations as mutations in the same gene are sometimes associated with different clinically based diagnoses. In this light, we screened the C19orf12 neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) causing gene and the C9orf72 intronic expansion mutation that is cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 186 Iranian Parkinson's disease (PD) patients.

Genetic Analysis of the ZNF512B, SLC41A1, and ALDH2 Polymorphisms in Parkinson's Disease in the Iranian Population.

Aims: Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders; its etiology includes both genetic and environmental factors and their interactions. The ZNF512B, SLC41A1, and ALDH2 genes have recently been identified as contributing to PD. In this study we investigated the association of alleles of these genes with PD in the Iranian population.

Spatial distance between anatomically- and physiologically-identified targets in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.

Background: Subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation is the treatment of choice for carefully chosen patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and refractory motor fluctuations. We evaluated the value of intraoperative electrophysiology during STN deep brain stimulation (DBS) procedures in refining the anatomically-defined target.

Methods: We determined the spatial distance between the anatomical and physiological targets along x, y and z axes in 50 patients with PD who underwent bilateral subthalamic nucleus DBS surgery.

RIT2 Polymorphisms: Is There a Differential Association?

Neurological disorders include a wide variety of mostly multifactorial diseases related to the development, survival, and function of the neuron cells. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been extensively studied in neurological disorders, and in a number of instances have been reproducibly linked to disease as risk factors. The RIT2 gene has been recently shown to be associated with a number of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and autism.

Relationship Between Voice and Motor Disabilities of Parkinson's Disease.

To evaluate voice of Iranian patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and find any relationship between motor disabilities and acoustic voice parameters as speech motor components. We evaluated 27 Farsi-speaking PD patients and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy persons as control. Motor performance was assessed by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III and Hoehn and Yahr rating scale in the "on" state.