Using capillary electrophoresis to identify Anopheline species in routine sampling sites.

In the genus, various mosquito species are able to transmit the parasites responsible for malaria, while others are non-vectors. In an effort to better understand the biology of species and to quantify transmission risk in an area, the identification of mosquito species collected in the field is an essential but problematic task. Morphological identification requires expertise and cannot be checked after processing samples in a destructive treatment, while sequencing of numerous samples is costly.

Clinical and immunological spectra of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Africa and French Guiana.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by infection with the parasite exhibits a large spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from single healing to severe chronic lesions with the manifestation of resistance or not to treatment. Depending on the specie and multiple environmental parameters, the evolution of lesions is determined by a complex interaction between parasite factors and the early immune responses triggered, including innate and adaptive mechanisms. Moreover, lesion resolution requires parasite control as well as modulation of the pathologic local inflammation responses and the initiation of wound healing responses.

Treating leishmaniasis in Amazonia, part 2: Multi-target evaluation of widely used plants to understand medicinal practices.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Leishmaniasis are widely distributed among tropical and subtropical countries, and remains a crucial health issue in Amazonia. Indigenous groups across Amazonia have developed abundant knowledge about medicinal plants related to this pathology.

Aim Of The Study: We intent to explore the weight of different pharmacological activities driving taxa selection for medicinal use in Amazonian communities.

Biodiversity and vector-borne diseases: Host dilution and vector amplification occur simultaneously for Amazonian leishmaniases.

Changes in biodiversity may impact infectious disease transmission through multiple mechanisms. We explored the impact of biodiversity changes on the transmission of Amazonian leishmaniases, a group of wild zoonoses transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies (Psychodidae), which represent an important health burden in a region where biodiversity is both rich and threatened. Using molecular analyses of sand fly pools and blood-fed dipterans, we characterized the disease system in forest sites in French Guiana undergoing different levels of human-induced disturbance.

Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis among military personnel in French Guiana, 2020: Clinical, phylogenetic, individual and environmental aspects.

Background: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in French Guiana but cases are usually sporadic. An outbreak signal was issued on May 15th 2020 with 15 suspected cases after a military training course in the rainforest. An outbreak investigation was carried out.

Spatial variations in Leishmaniasis: A biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of species.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most prevalent form of Leishmaniasis and is widely endemic in the Americas. Several species of are responsible for CL, a severely neglected tropical disease and the treatment of CL vary according to the different species of . We proposed to map the distribution of the species reported in French Guiana (FG) using a biogeographic approach based on environmental predictors.

Ecology, evolution, and epidemiology of zoonotic and vector-borne infectious diseases in French Guiana: Transdisciplinarity does matter to tackle new emerging threats.

French Guiana is a European ultraperipheric region located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It constitutes an important forested region for biological conservation in the Neotropics. Although very sparsely populated, with its inhabitants mainly concentrated on the Atlantic coastal strip and along the two main rivers, it is marked by the presence and development of old and new epidemic disease outbreaks, both research and health priorities.

Validation of Swab Sampling and SYBR Green-Based Real-Time PCR for the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in French Guiana.

Recent studies have highlighted the interest in noninvasive sampling procedures coupled with real-time PCR methods for the detection of species in South America. In French Guiana, the sampling method still relied on skin biopsies. Noninvasive protocols should be tested on a large annual cohort to improve routine laboratory diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Antibiotic Treatment in Affects Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism.

The mosquito microbiota reduces the vector competence of to and affects host fitness; it is therefore considered as a potential target to reduce malaria transmission. While immune induction, secretion of antimicrobials and metabolic competition are three typical mechanisms of microbiota-mediated protection against invasive pathogens in mammals, the involvement of metabolic competition or mutualism in mosquito-microbiota and microbiota- interactions has not been investigated. Here, we describe a metabolome analysis of the midgut of provided with a sugar-meal or a non-infectious blood-meal, under conventional or antibiotic-treated conditions.

Leishmania naiffi and lainsoni in French Guiana: Clinical features and phylogenetic variability.

In French Guiana, five species are associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Though infections with Leishmania guyanensis, L. (V.

Binational burden of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Oiapoque, Amapá State, Brazil, bordering French Guiana.

Introduction: American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is regarded as a public health problem in the Oiapoque basin, between Brazil and French Guiana.

Methods: Data on ACL occurrence/epidemiological profile and etiology were sourced from Brazilian health services and a reference laboratory. Rainfall correlation was also analyzed.

Identification of French Guiana sand flies using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with a new mass spectra library.

Phlebotomine sand flies are insects that are highly relevant in medicine, particularly as the sole proven vectors of leishmaniasis. Accurate identification of sand fly species is an essential prerequisite for eco-epidemiological studies aiming to better understand the disease. Traditional morphological identification is painstaking and time-consuming, and molecular methods for extensive screening remain expensive.

Ecological aspects of Phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) and the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis agents in an Amazonian/ Guianan bordering area.

Background: An entomological study was conducted in the municipality of Oiapoque (lower Oyapock River Basin) in the Brazilian side bordering French Guiana to gain information on the transmission pattern of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in that region, presumed to reflect the classical Amazonian/Guianan enzootic scenario.

Methods: Three ecologically isolated forested areas near urban environments were surveyed during the rainy and dry seasons of 2015 and 2016, using a multi-trapping approach comprising ground-level and canopy light traps, black and white colored cloth Shannon traps and manual aspiration on tree bases. Female phlebotomines were dissected to find infections and isolate flagellates from Leishmania spp.

Use of the intramuscular route to administer pentamidine isethionate in Leishmania guyanensis cutaneous leishmaniasis increases the risk of treatment failure.

Background: New world cutaneous leishmaniasis (NWCL) can be found in French Guiana as well as in several other parts of Central and South America. Leishmania guyanensis accounts for nearly 90% of cases in French Guiana and is treated with pentamidine isethionate, given by either intramuscular or intravenous injection. The military population is particularly exposed due to repeated missions in the rainforest.

Unraveling the genetic diversity and phylogeny of Leishmania RNA virus 1 strains of infected Leishmania isolates circulating in French Guiana.

Introduction: Leishmania RNA virus type 1 (LRV1) is an endosymbiont of some Leishmania (Vianna) species in South America. Presence of LRV1 in parasites exacerbates disease severity in animal models and humans, related to a disproportioned innate immune response, and is correlated with drug treatment failures in humans. Although the virus was identified decades ago, its genomic diversity has been overlooked until now.

Natural Leishmania (Viannia) infections of phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) indicate classical and alternative transmission cycles of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Guiana Shield, Brazil.

From 1996 to 1999 multi-trapping methods (Center of Diseases Control, CDC) light traps, light-baited Shannon traps, and aspiration on tree bases) were used to study the phlebotomine fauna of the "Serra do Navio" region of the Brazilian State of Amapá, which is part of the Guiana Shield. Fifty-three species were identified among 8,685 captured individuals. The following species, associated with the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazonian Brazil, were captured: Nyssomyia umbratilis (3,388), Psychodopygus squamiventris maripaensis (995), Ny.

In Vitro Sensitivity of Cutaneous Promastigote Isolates Circulating in French Guiana to a Set of Drugs.

AbstractAnti-leishmaniasis drug resistance is a common problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to inventory the general in vitro level of sensitivity of isolates circulating in French Guiana and to highlight potential in vitro pentamidine-resistant isolates. This sensitivity study was conducted on 36 patient-promastigote isolates for seven drugs (amphotericin B, azithromycin, fluconazole, meglumine antimoniate, miltefosine, paromomycin, and pentamidine) using the Cell Counting Kit-8 viability test.

Prevalence and Distribution of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 in Leishmania Parasites from French Guiana.

In South America, the presence of the Leishmania RNA virus type 1 (LRV1) was described in Leishmania guyanensis and Leishmania braziliensis strains. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence distribution of LRV1 in Leishmania isolates in French Guiana given that, in this French overseas department, most Leishmania infections are due to these parasite species. The presence of the virus was observed in 74% of Leishmania spp.

Frequency and distribution of mixed Plasmodium falciparum-vivax infections in French Guiana between 2000 and 2008.

Background: The two main plasmodial species in French Guiana are Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum whose respective prevalence influences the frequency of mixed plasmodial infections. The accuracy of their diagnosis is influenced by the sensitivity of the method used, whereas neither microscopy nor rapid diagnostic tests allow a satisfactory evaluation of mixed plasmodial infections.

Methods: In the present study, the frequency of mixed infections in different part of French Guiana was determined using real time PCR, a sensitive and specific technique.

Presence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 in Leishmania guyanensis Increases the Risk of First-Line Treatment Failure and Symptomatic Relapse.

Treatment failure and symptomatic relapse are major concerns in American tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL). Such complications are seen frequently in Leishmania guyanensis infections, in which patients respond variously to first-line antileishmanials and are more prone to develop chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. The factors underlying this pathology, however, are unknown.

Comparison of tetrazolium salt assays for evaluation of drug activity against Leishmania spp.

In French Guiana, leishmaniasis is an essentially cutaneous infection. It constitutes a major public health problem, with a real incidence of 0.2 to 0.

Differential production of systemic and intralesional gamma interferon and interleukin-10 in nodular and ulcerative forms of Buruli disease.

Buruli disease, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is the third most important mycobacterial disease in humans besides tuberculosis and leprosy. We have compared systemic and intralesional cytokine production in patients presenting with a nodular form and a necrotizing, ulcerative form of the disease. Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) levels in response to whole M.

Susceptibility of Mycobacterium ulcerans to a combination of amikacin/rifampicin.

The effectiveness of rifampicin (RIF), amikacin (AMK) and their combination were estimated in the treatment of mice experimentally infected by Mycobacterium ulcerans and the risk of relapse after the treatment was evaluated. After 7 weeks of treatment with RIF or with the combination of AMK/RIF and 8 weeks with AMK alone, no viable bacilli were found in the infected tissues and these remained uninfected during the following 6 months. Among the mice treated with AMK alone, three mice relapsed, but the minimal inhibitory concentration of AMK for these isolates remained unchanged.