Green triiron tetraoxide@Algae (FeO@Algae) nanoparticles for highly efficient removal of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and aluminum (Al) from contaminated water: an isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic study.

Developing and producing a versatile adsorbent for effective wastewater treatment remains a significant obstacle to wastewater processing. As the objective is to eliminate various metal ions (lead, cadmium, and aluminum) from wastewater, we therefore strategically designed and synthesized new iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) based on the green algae called triiron tetraoxide@algae nanoparticles (FeO@Algae NPs) that grow in the same contaminated water using a facile one-pot green synthetic method. Investigations were conducted into the adsorption circumstances, including pH, starting concentration, adsorbent dosage, and adsorption time.