Giant duodenal perforation: A rare malaria complication in a child; a case report and review of literature.

Introduction And Importance: Duodenal perforation, while uncommon, is a serious cause of acute abdomen in children. The causes of acute abdomen in children vary widely based on factors like geography and socioeconomic status. In developing countries, where infectious diseases are more prevalent, malaria can contribute to this condition.

Assessing the effect of breed, age, and sex on muscarinic receptor distribution in atria and ventricles of turkeys.

Atrial and ventricular myocardium from young (6-wk-old), young adult (3-6-mo-old), and aged (14-15-mo-old) meat-type (B.U.T.

Dimethyl sulfoxide favors the emetic efficacy of lycorine in beagle dogs - a novel strategy for the treatment of poisoning.

Poisoning in small animals represents an ongoing hazard and therapeutic problem in veterinary medicine. Therapeutic induction of emesis in time enables a fast elimination of a toxic compound resulting in a shortened course of poisoning and a higher safety level thereafter, which decisively improves prognosis and treatment. Lycorine is a reliable emetic drug in beagle dogs without serious side effects thought to be more beneficial in tolerability and efficacy than the rarely used apomorphine.

The Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 reduces the β-adrenoceptor density but enhance cAMP formation in primary equine bronchial epithelial cells.

The present study addresses the effect of the Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 on the β-adrenoceptor density and β-agonist-stimulated intracellular second messenger cAMP formation in primary equine bronchial epithelial cells (EBEC). Y-27632 significantly decreased the β-adrenoceptor number (B) without markedly affecting the receptor affinity (dissociation constant, K) to the radioligand [I]-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP). In contrast, Y-27632 augmented the β-agonist-stimulated intracellular cAMP production.

Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in turkey cardiac chambers.

The aim of the present study was to characterize the specific binding sites for [N-methyl-H]-scopolamine ([H]-NMS), a radioligand for labeling muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), in membranes of four heart chambers obtained from adult male British United Turkey (BUT) Big 6 ("meat-type") and Cröllwitzer ("wild-type") turkeys. MAChR subtypes were examined by inhibiting [H]-NMS binding with subtype selective non-labelled receptor antagonists. In all left and right atria as well as left and right ventricles of both turkey breeds, the specific [H]-NMS binding was saturable, reversible and of high affinity (K range: 0.

Effects of Hypoxia and Acidosis on Cardiac Electrophysiology and Hemodynamics. Is NHE-Inhibition by Cariporide Still Advantageous?

Hypoxia often leads to severe cardiac malfunctions. It is assumed that intracellular calcium overload is -inter alia- responsible for left ventricular (LV) deterioration. Inhibition of the sodium-proton exchanger (NHE), which finally inhibits/slows calcium overload, may ameliorate cardiac function.

Presence and function of β-adrenergic receptors in primary equine bronchial epithelia cells.

The β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) plays an important role in regulating a variety of cell and organ functions in different animal species and is an important target in asthma pathogenesis and therapy. The β-AR expression and function in equine bronchial epithelial cells (EBEC) were not known but innervation and significant decrease in receptor level were reported in the equine bronchial tissues from asthmatic horses. I-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) binding studies were undertaken in primary freshly isolated and cultured EBEC to identify the presence of the β-ARs.

Equine bronchial fibroblasts enhance proliferation and differentiation of primary equine bronchial epithelial cells co-cultured under air-liquid interface.

Interaction between epithelial cells and fibroblasts play a key role in wound repair and remodelling in the asthmatic airway epithelium. We present the establishment of a co-culture model using primary equine bronchial epithelial cells (EBECs) and equine bronchial fibroblasts (EBFs). EBFs at passage between 4 and 8 were seeded on the bottom of 24-well plates and treated with mitomycin C at 80% confluency.

Modulation of TNF-α, IL-1Ra and IFN-γ in equine whole blood culture by glucocorticoids.

Glucocorticoids are important drugs in the treatment of many inflammatory, autoimmune and allergic diseases in humans and animals. We investigated the effects of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone on TNF-α, IL-1Ra and INF-γ release in stimulated whole blood cell culture from healthy horses. Whole blood cell cultures proved to be useful for the characterization of the anti-inflammatory properties of new drugs.

Distribution and properties of cardiac and pulmonary β-adrenergic receptors in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) and Boa constrictor (Boa constrictor).

The aim of the present study was to characterize β-adrenergic receptors in the snake heart and lung of corn and Boa constrictor snakes. The β-adrenergic receptor binding sites were studied in purified heart and lung membranes using the specific β-adrenergic receptor antagonist [J]-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) and subtypes using selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist CGP-20712A and selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI-118.551.

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a transdermal anastrozole-in-adhesive formulation.

Background And Objective: Anastrozole is a well-established active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) used for the treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer (BC) in postmenopausal women. However, treatment with the only available oral formulation is often associated with concentration-dependent serious side effects such as hot flashes, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, nausea, diarrhea, headache, and others. In contrast, a sustained-release system for the local application of anastrozole should minimize these serious adverse drug reactions.

Breed-related differences in age-dependent down-regulation of the β1-adrenoceptor and adenylate cyclase activity in atrial and ventricular myocardium of Cröllwitzer ("wild-type") turkeys.

In conventional meat-type (British United Turkey (B.U.T.

Influence of Mechanical Circulatory Support on Endothelin Receptor Expression in Human Left Ventricular Myocardium from Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Background: In terminal failing hearts ventricular assist devices (VAD) are implanted as a bridge to transplantation. Endothelin receptor (ETR) antagonists are used for treatment of secondary pulmonary hypertension in VAD patients. However, the cardiac ETR regulation in human heart failure and during VAD support is incompletely understood.

Release kinetics of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the equine whole blood.

Background: Horses are much predisposed and susceptible to excessive and acute inflammatory responses that cause the recruitment and stimulation of polymorphnuclear granulocytes (PMN) together with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the release of cytokines. The aim of the study is to develop easy, quick, cheap and reproducible methods for measuring tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in the equine whole blood cultures ex-vivo time- and concentration-dependently.

Results: Horse whole blood diluted to 10, 20 and 50 % was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), PCPwL (a combination of phytohemagglutinin E, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen) or equine recombinant TNF-α (erTNF-α).

Differential regulation of the β-adrenoceptor density and cyclic AMP level with age and sex in turkey cardiac chambers.

Decreased responses of the heart to β-adrenoceptor stimulation with aging have been shown to occur merely in selected heart chambers in relation to increased catecholamine levels. However, there are no systematic studies that investigate all cardiac chambers with regard to receptor density and cAMP (adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate) responses. We used meat-type turkey poults (British United Turkey (B.

The importance of muscarinic receptors in domestic animal diseases and therapy: Current and future perspectives.

This review provides an overview of the early and current literature including contributions that highlight the parasympathetic cholinergic receptor systems in domestic animal tissues. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) belong to the subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors and regulate many fundamental functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems and have been subject to research over at least 40 years. Nonetheless, there are few studies specifying mAChRs in domestic animal tissues.

[Investigations on the acute, carrageenan-induced inflammatory reaction and pharmacology of orally administered sodium salicylate in turkeys].

The complex mechanisms of acute inflammation have been subject to veterinary investigations since a long time. However, knowledge on the role of specific inflammatory mediators, as well as pharmacokinetics (PK) and -dynamics (PD) of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) in birds is limited. The objective of this work therefore was to establish a modified tissue cage-model to investigate the acute, carrageenan-mediated inflammatory response, as well as plasma and exudate-kinetics and the antiphlogistic effect of orally administered sodium salicylate on the elicited inflammatory reaction in turkeys.

Characterization of β-adrenergic receptors in the heart chambers of adult turkeys.

The presence, distribution and characteristics of chamber-specific β-adrenergic receptors in adult turkey hearts were investigated by radioligand binding studies using (-)-[(125)I]-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP). The β1-selective (CGP 20712A) and β2-selective (ICI 118.551) antagonists as well as the nonselective β-agonists isoproterenol, epinephrine and norepinephrine were used in displacement studies.

Concomitant inhibition of primary equine bronchial fibroblast proliferation and differentiation by selective β2-adrenoceptor agonists and dexamethasone.

Altered airway cell proliferation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of human bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as the equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) with consistent changes, i.e. narrowing the airway wall, explained by proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts.

Agonist-induced β2-adrenoceptor desensitization and downregulation enhance pro-inflammatory cytokine release in human bronchial epithelial cells.

It is not clear whether increased asthma severity associated with long-term use of β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) agonists can be attributed to receptor degradation and increased inflammation. We investigated the cross-talk between β-AR agonist-mediated effects on β2-AR function and expression and cytokine release in human bronchial epithelial cells. In 16HBE14o(-) cells grown in the presence and absence of β-AR agonists and/or antagonists, the β2-AR density was assessed by radioligand binding; the receptor protein and mRNA was determined using laser scanning cytometer and RT-PCR; cAMP generation, the cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 release were determined using AlphaScreen Assay and ELISA, respectively.

Comparative study of the effects of fetal bovine serum versus horse serum on growth and differentiation of primary equine bronchial fibroblasts.

Background: Airway fibroblasts have become a critical addition to all facets of structural lung tissue changes such as in human asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but little is known about their role in the equine recurrent airway obstruction, a disease that resembles to the human asthma. Since the equine bronchial fibroblasts (EBF) have not been isolated and characterized yet, the use of defined medium was investigated.

Results: Primary EBF were cultured on non-collagen coated flasks without serum or in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) or horse serum (HS) or in serum depleted medium.

Influence of laxatives on gastric emptying in healthy warmblood horses evaluated with the acetaminophen absorption test.

The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with caecal or large colon impaction.To reach the large intestinal contents and resolve the impaction, laxatives must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine.The aim of this study was to prove whether isotonic solutions of saline cathartics do not affect gastric emptying rate in contrast to hypertonic solutions.