Improved Waste Heat Management and Energy Integration in an Aluminum Annealing Continuous Furnace Using a Machine Learning Approach.

Annealing furnaces are critical for achieving the desired material properties in the production of high-quality aluminum products. In addition, energy efficiency has become more and more important in industrial processes due to increasing decarbonization regulations and the price of natural gas. Thus, the current study aims to determine the opportunities to reduce energy consumption in an annealing continuous furnace and the associated emissions.

Efficacy of one or two doses of Ty21a Salmonella typhi vaccine in enteric-coated capsules in a controlled field trial. Chilean Typhoid Committee.

Typhoid fever remains an important public health problem in many areas of the world and an effective, non-reactogenic vaccine would be useful to control this disease. An attenuated Salmonella typhi strain (Ty21a), which has shown promise in previous trials, was evaluated in a controlled field trial in Santiago, Chile. In this trial, 82,543 schoolchildren were randomly assigned to receive one or two doses of Ty21a vaccine in enteric-coated capsules or placebo.

Progress in vaccines against typhoid fever.

The widely available heat-phenol-inactivated whole cell typhoid vaccine, which provides approximately 65% protection, has limited usefulness because of the adverse reactions it evokes. In contrast, several new typhoid vaccines promise protection without reactogenicity. Attenuated oral vaccine Ty21a has been evaluated in three field trials of efficacy in Santiago, Chile, involving 530,000 schoolchildren.

The influence on the secretory IgA antibody levels in lactating women of oral typhoid and parenteral cholera vaccines given alone or in combination.

41 lactating Pakistani women were vaccinated orally with Salmonella typhi vaccine alone or in combination with parenteral Vibrio cholerae whole cell vaccine, in order to study the possible difference in the secretory response after live and inactivated vaccines. The antibody response in saliva, milk and serum was recorded using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA. All had prevaccination antibody levels against the 2 vaccines.

Use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A in the construction of conjugate vaccines and immunotoxins.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A was used to construct conjugate vaccines and potent cytotoxic immunotoxins. Nontoxic, serologically active O polysaccharide derived from P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was covalently coupled to toxin A via reductive amination.

Safety and immunogenicity of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-polysaccharide toxin A conjugate vaccine in humans.

Lipid A-free polysaccharide (PS) isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was covalently coupled to toxin A via reductive amination. The PS-toxin A conjugate was comprised of 29.8% PS and 70.

Vaccine potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-polysaccharide-toxin A conjugates.

Serologically reactive O-polysaccharide from nine serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were covalently linked to toxin A via reductive amination, with adipic acid dihydrazide serving as a spacer molecule. The conjugates were composed of toxin A/O-polysaccharide ratios ranging from 1.17:1 to 3:1.

Large-scale field trial of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated capsule formulation.

Three doses, given within one week, of Ty21a attenuated Salmonella typhi oral vaccine in an enteric-coated formulation provided 67% efficacy for at least 3 years in a randomised, placebo-controlled field trial involving 109,000 schoolchildren in Santiago, Chile. Increasing the interval between doses to twenty-one days did not enhance protection. Significantly less protection followed administration of vaccine in gelatin capsules with sodium bicarbonate.

Cell-associated hemagglutinin-deficient mutant of Vibrio cholerae.

Cell-associated hemagglutinin-negative mutants were derived from cholera enterotoxin-negative Vibrio cholerae JBK70 by Tn5 mutagenesis. One of the mutants identified, SB001, was characterized in greater detail. Its ability to colonize ilea of adult rabbits was determined by feeding approximately 10(8) V.

Human rabies immunoglobulin assayed by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test suppresses active rabies immunization.

The rabies antibody content of each of ten lots of human rabies immunoglobulin was titrated by both the mouse neutralization test and the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. The two tests did not give comparable results, the antibody titres obtained by the mouse neutralization test being 1.4-9.

Immunization against fatal experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia.

The ability of serospecific anti-capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antibody to prevent fatal Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia was evaluated in a rat lung model. Rats were immunized intramuscularly with 100 micrograms of purified serotype 2 CPS and challenged intrabronchially 14 days later with a serotype 2 strain of K. pneumoniae.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine: safety and immunogenicity in humans.

A Pseudomonas aeruginosa polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid (Ttxd) conjugate vaccine was produced. Polysaccharide was derived from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and covalently linked to Ttxd by using carbodiimide with adipic acid dihydrazide as a spacer molecule. The conjugate possessed a relative molecular weight of greater than 350,000 and was nontoxic and nonpyrogenic.

Activity of intravenous immune globulins against Klebsiella.

Seven commercial intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) preparations and an experimental hyperimmune globulin (Klebsiella immune-IVIG) were analyzed for antibody levels to Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides, opsonic activity, and protective capacity against Klebsiella. With one exception, all IVIGs reacted immunologically with the various capsular antigens, although titers between the preparations varied considerably. Klebsiella immune-IVIG possessed substantially higher titers (32-fold to 128-fold) than the commercial preparations.

Seroepidemiology of Klebsiella bacteremic isolates and implications for vaccine development.

The frequencies of capsular serotypes among 703 Klebsiella strains isolated from the blood of hospitalized patients were determined. More than 90% of the isolates were typeable, with 69 of the 77 known serotypes being identified. Serotypes 2, 21, and 55, representing 8.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 5 polysaccharide-toxin A conjugate vaccine.

Polysaccharide (PS) derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 5 lipopolysaccharide was covalently coupled to toxin A by reductive amination with adipic acid dihydrazide as a spacer molecule. The resulting PS-toxin A conjugate was composed of 27.5% PS and 72.

Safety and immunogenicity of a polyvalent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine in humans.

A polyvalent Klebsiella vaccine composed of six serotypes of capsular polysaccharides (K2, K3, K10, K21, K30, and K55) was developed and its safety and immunogenicity evaluated in humans. Highly purified capsular antigens were treated in 0.1 N NaOH in 95% ethanol to detoxify trace amounts of contaminating lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Comparative study and evaluation of further attenuated, live measles vaccines alone and in combination with mumps and rubella vaccines.

The further attenuated Enders (FAE) measles vaccine strain and the Edmonston B-Zagreb (EZ) measles vaccine strain were compared. In VERO-cells plaque sizes of FAE varied between 0.5 and 1 mm, those of EZ between 1 and 2 mm in diameter.

Rubini, a new live attenuated mumps vaccine virus strain for human diploid cells.

A new, live attenuated mumps vaccine virus strain for human diploid cells has been developed at the Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute, Berne. The Rubini virus was derived from a child of the same name possessing typical clinical signs and symptoms of mumps infection. Attenuation of the wild virus was performed by isolation and serial passage in WI-38 human diploid cells, specific pathogen-free hens' eggs and MRC-5 human diploid cells.

Purification and vaccine potential of Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides.

Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) from 18 Klebsiella strains of different capsular types was isolated and characterized. Purified CPSs were composed primarily of carbohydrate with trace quantities of protein, nucleic acids, and lipopolysaccharide. All CPSs were of a high molecular weight, possessing a Kd of 0.

Protection against fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis by immunization with smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides.

The protective capacity of various native and mutant lipopolysaccharide antigens against fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound sepsis was evaluated. Immunization with O-polysaccharide-deficient lipopolysaccharides derived from Escherichia coli J5 or Salmonella typhi Ty 21a afforded substantial protection against only one of five Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge strains of various serotypes. Immunization with both lipopolysaccharide antigens evoked antibody of the immunoglobulin G class which recognized lipopolysaccharide isolated from the challenge strain against which protection was noted.

Safety and immunogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae K1 capsular polysaccharide vaccine in humans.

The safety and immunogenicity of two Klebsiella pneumoniae K1 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) vaccines were evaluated in humans. Trace quantities of lipopolysaccharide present in vaccine preparations were detoxified by treatment of K1 CPS in a 95% ethanol-0.1 N NaOH solution.

Oral vaccination against enteric bacterial infections: an overview.

The present situation and the future prospects for the use of oral vaccines against the major enteric diseases typhoid fever, shigellosis and cholera are discussed in this paper. No significant protection could be demonstrated for oral inactivated whole-cell vaccines. In contrast, an oral live vaccine based on the attenuated Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a was highly efficacious in volunteer challenge studies and in a controlled field trial.