Multimodal Imaging of Choroidal Nodules in Neurofibromatosis Type I.

Aim: To clarify the possibilities and role of posterior segment imaging in patients with neurofibromatosis type I (NF1), and to show the prevalence of this disease in the pediatric population in Slovakia.

Material And Methods: Until recently, ophthalmologic consultations in patients with NF1 were limited mainly to the observation of Lisch nodules of the iris and the presence of optic nerve glioma. However, advances in imaging capabilities have made it possible to investigate and describe new f indings concerning the ocular manifestations of this disease.

Use of Corneal Topography in Pediatric Ophthalmology.

Aim: To introduce the topic of pediatric keratoconus, highlighting the importance of routine corneal topography and tomography in children and adolescents from predisposed groups. To attempt to ensure the early detection of keratoconus and its subclinical form, enabling early treatment, which brings better expected postoperative results.  Material and methods: Using the corneal tomograph Pentacam AXL we examined children and adolescents with astigmatism equal or greater than  2 diopters (in at least one eye) and patients with at least one risk factor such as eye rubbing in the case of allergic pathologies, positive family history of keratoconus or certain forms of retinal dystrophy.

LATE CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN A PATIENT TREATED FOR RETINOBLASTOMA. A CASE REPORT.

Aim: Case report of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) detection in patient who was treated for bilateral retinoblastoma in early childhood.

Material And Methods: Patient at 1.5 years of age treated for endophytic retinoblastoma stage 4 (according to the Reese-Ellsworth classification) bilaterally, with a positive mutation in the Rb1 gene.

Marshall and stickler syndrome in one family.

The authors present the ocular finding in a patient sent to the Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology at the Children's University Hospital - Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava at the age of 3 months, with congenital glaucoma in her right eye and bilateral high myopia. The family anamnesis of the patient shows repeated occurrence of stunted growth, myopia, facial dysmorphia and cataract. The child's mother had high myopia, the mother's brother underwent cataract surgery, the child's grandmother and her sisters and the child's great grandmother had high myopia and glaucoma, and probably underwent cataract surgery at a young age.

Ophthalmological finding in a patient with lowe syndrome.

The authors present the ophthamological finding in a patient who at the age of 4.5 months was admitted due to a finding of total bilateral congenital cataract. The patient was observed by a neurologist for central hypotonia and mental retardation.

Incomprehensible treatment of retinoblastoma with high doses of vitamin C.

Purposes: To inform about a case of neglected retinoblastoma that was left untreated for more than 3 years by parents. During this time period the local finding worsened from endophytic retinoblastoma group B according IIRC (ABC classification) to extraorbital propagation.

Background: Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor in childhood, that occurs approximately in 1 : 15-20 000 births worldwide.

Why is it necessary to examine retina when the patient suffers from aplastic anemia?

Purposes: To inform about a case of Revesz syndrome (RS) with initial ophthalmological symptomatology of severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy of the left eye (LE). After the aplastic anemia had developed, RS was established. The exudative retinopathy was successfully treated with photocoagulation on the right eye (RE).

β-blockers in the treatment of periocular infantile capillary haemangioma.

Infantile capillary haemangioma (IH) is the most common congenital vascular tumor of childhood and infancy. Although the majority of these lesions regress spontaneously, many of children with IH particularly in the periocular or orbital region need treatment. Ocular indications for treatment include obstruction of the visual axis or high degrees of astigmatism causing amblyopia, exposure keratopathy secondary to proptosis or compressive optic neuropathy.

[Treatment of Keratoconus with Corneal Cross-linking--Results and Complications in 2 Years Follow-up].

Objective: The objective of the study was to assessment of changes of monitored parameters after CXL. Incidence of complications were assessed in the whole group and in groups of patients divided according to the selected criteria. Evaluated parameters were also relations between them and in time.

Confluent diode laser coagulation: the gold standard of therapy for retinopathy of prematurity.

Purpose: The authors compare results of retinopathy of prematurity treatment with single-spot diode laser coagulation (DLC) versus confluent DLC. The final anatomical outcome and need for additional therapy, such as additional DLC, cryotherapy, scleral buckling, and intravitreal bevacizumab, were evaluated.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients with threshold retinopathy of prematurity treated between January 2001 and October 2012 was conducted.

[The effectiveness of corneal cross-linking in stopping the progression of keratoconus].

Objective: Objective of the study was to prove the efficiency of corneal cross-linking (CXL) in stopping the progression of keratoconus.

Methods: In this study were included 58 eyes of patients with progressive keratoconus who underwent CXL according to the Dresden protocol in the years 2007-2009 at the Ophthalmic clinic FN Brno Bohunice. The eyes of patients were divided into four groups according to the change of maximum curvature of the cornea two years after CXL.

[Screening retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)].

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is abnormal blood vessel development in the retina of the eye in a premature infant that potentially leads to blindness. The guidelines present the timing of initial examination and subsequent reexamination intervals for screening and treating ROP. Key words: retinopathy of prematurity, screening, timing of the examination.

[Retinopathy of prematurity - therapy. Part 2].

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease that affects immature vasculature in the eyes of premature babies that potentially leads to blindness. Authors describe revised indications for the treatment of ROP, standard treatment - peripheral retinal ablation by laser photocoagulation and the cryotherapy using off label treatment-intravitreal anti-VEGF injection. Key words: retinopathy of prematurity, indications, laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy.

[Retinopathy of prematurity. Part I].

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease that affects immature vasculature in the eyes of premature babies that potentially leads to blindness. Authors describe incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology and international classification of retinopathy of prematurity (ICROP). Key words: retinopathy of prematurity, incidence, pathophysiology, international classification.

[Foveal hypoplasia detection by optical coherence tomography].

Purpose: To evaluate the contribution of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the diagnosis of foveal hypoplasia in children.

Material And Methods: Children with foveal hypoplasia (FH) were examinated with device RTVue Fourier - domain (FD) - OCT, software - version 6.8 (Optovue Inc.

[The relations of morphological and functional changes in children with retinal dystrophy disease].

Purpose: To characterize the correlation between functional and morphological changes in the retina in the retinal dystrophies in children.

Methods: In the group of six patients with selected types of retinal dystrophies was analysed the morphological findings obtained by the Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and their correlation with the electrophysiological findings.

Results: Typical morphological retinal changes visualised by OCT were confirmed in all examined patients and were in correlation with progressive loss of visual function (decrease of visual acuity, constriction of visual field or scotomas in visual field, colour vision defect, nyctalopia) and abnormal values of the electrophysiological findings.

[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in children - a case report].

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome is a multisystemic disease characterized by granulomatous panuveitis with exsudative retinal detachment and often associated with neurological and skin symptomatology. In the paper is presented a rare case of probably VHK syndrome in 11-year old caucasian race boy in which was found the bilateral granulomatous panuveitis with exsudative retinal detachment without other systemic symptomatology with typical clinical characteristics and course. Systemic corticosteroid therapy in a patient gradually improved the state, which was then complicated by the occurrence of juxtapapillary subretinal neovascular membrane on both eyes.

Clustering of mutations in the 5' tertile of the NF1 gene in Slovakia patients with optic pathway glioma.

Optic pathway gliomas (OPG) occur in 15% of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1; OMIM 162200). Genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with NF1 may help to determine the risk group for developing complications such as OPG in coincidence with other NF1.features.

[Adenoma of the ciliary body in 3-year-old boy - a case report].

In this paper has been reported a rare case of the ciliary body tumor in 3-year-old boy, which was diagnosed as adenoma of the nonpigmented ciliary body epithelium. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically and immunohistochemically.

[Aplasia of the optic nerve].

Optic nerve aplasia is a very rare ocular congenital defect and is invariably associated with other ocular or systemic disorders. The authors demonstrate a case report in the 2.5 month old girl with unilateral mikroftalmia, aniridia and aplasia of the optic nerve.

[Benefit of paint diode laser coagulation in the treatment of ROP].

Purpose: Authors compare results of ROP treatment with a single spot diodlasercoagulation (DLC) versus paint--DLC.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients with threshold retinopathy of prematurity treated between 2001-2010 was conducted. A single spot DLC was used from January 2001 to May 2008.

[Orbital ontogen dermoid cyst].

In the paper is described the very rare orbital dermoid cyst in lacrimal sac region containing ectopic dental elements. There was an uneventful clinical picture after the first operation, but a recurrence of the cyst with the presence of teeth in lacrimal region of the down eyelid has occurred four years after the first operation. After exstirpation of entire cyst contents has been achieved the favourable cosmetic and functional result.

[Suggested low vision care for visually impaired children in Slovakia].

Introduction: There is currently no system of registration for visually impaired children in Slovakia and the current prevalence of visual impairment (VI), low vision and blindness is unknown for this population. We propose a template for a process of registration of visually impaired children in Slovakia as well as a system for the Low Vision Health Core for this population.

Material And Methods: Based on a literature search, we report our data of the estimated prevalence of VI in children in Slovakia and the number of registered students with VI.