Hypersalinity tolerance of mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus): A branchial transcriptomic analysis.

Along the east coast of North America, mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) are subjected to a broad range of salinities in their nearshore habitats. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the molecular and cellular processes that mummichogs (and other highly osmotolerant fishes) engage to survive environmental salinities greater than seawater (SW). To reveal branchial processes underlying their extraordinarily broad salinity tolerance, we performed an RNA-Seq analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in mummichogs residing in 3, 35, and 105 ppt conditions.

Salinity and prolactin regulate in the model teleost, .

To maintain internal ion balance in marine environments, teleost fishes leverage seawater (SW)-type ionocytes to actively secrete Na and Cl into the environment. It is well established that SW-type ionocytes use apically expressed cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator 1 (Cftr1) as a conduit for Cl to exit the gill. Here, we investigated whether the Ca-activated Cl channel, anoctamin 1 (Ano1), provides an additional path for Cl-secretion in euryhaline mummichogs ().

Subacute tributyltin exposure alters the development and morphology of mammary glands in association with CYP19A1 expression in female rats.

Tributyltin (TBT) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) related to reproductive dysfunctions. However, few studies have investigated the effects of TBT exposure on mammary gland development. Thus, we assessed whether subacute TBT exposure causes irregularities in mammary gland development.

Endocrine control of gill ionocyte function in euryhaline fishes.

The endocrine system is an essential regulator of the osmoregulatory organs that enable euryhaline fishes to maintain hydromineral balance in a broad range of environmental salinities. Because branchial ionocytes are the primary site for the active exchange of Na, Cl, and Ca with the external environment, their functional regulation is inextricably linked with adaptive responses to changes in salinity. Here, we review the molecular-level processes that connect osmoregulatory hormones with branchial ion transport.

Postnatal development of salivary phosphate, sodium and potassium secretion in calves.

The transition of young lambs and calves from a non-ruminating to a ruminating animal include substantial, developmental changes to alter saliva production. Due to the simultaneous development of the forestomach system, the salivary glands must transfer more and more substances such as bicarbonate and phosphate (Pi), but also sodium (Na), into saliva in order to create and to maintain optimal environmental conditions for microbial metabolism. The objective of the present study was to characterize the effects of different dietary energy levels on the ability of the salivary glands to concentrate minerals in young ruminants in more detail during the first 7 weeks of life.

Quercetin improves white adipose tissue redox homeostasis in ovariectomized rats.

Estrogen deficiency is a well-known hallmark of menopause and is associated with oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction. Quercetin (Q), a flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in experimental models of metabolic disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of quercetin on retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rWAT) redox homeostasis and systemic metabolic parameters in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

Development of clinical criteria for the evaluation of indirect restorations.

Objective: To propose the development and validation of criteria for evaluating the clinical performance of indirect restorations, considering the variables related to the operator, material, and/or patient.

Materials And Methods: The experimental design of this study was divided into three stages. Stage 1: development of the new criteria items by specialists in Prosthodontics.

[Injuries in the First German Inline Skater Hockey League].

Inline skater hockey is a sport originating from ice hockey, which is practised in Germany by about 6000 athletes. There are some differences to ice hockey, which lead to a special risk profile of the athletes.All 315 active players of the First German Inline Skater Hockey League in the years 2018 and 2019 were contacted to participate in an online survey.

Influence of heat stress on intestinal integrity and the caecal microbiota during Enterococcus cecorum infection in broilers.

Enterococcus cecorum (EC) is one of the most relevant bacterial pathogens in modern broiler chicken production from an economic and animal welfare perspective. Although EC pathogenesis is generally well described, predisposing factors are still unknown. This study aimed to understand the effect of heat stress on the caecal microbiota, intestinal integrity, and EC pathogenesis.

Aqp5 mice exhibit reduced maximal body O consumption under cold exposure, normal pulmonary gas exchange, and impaired formation of brown adipose tissue.

The fundamental body functions that determine maximal O uptake (V̇o) have not been studied in Aqp5 mice (aquaporin 5, AQP5). We measured V̇o to globally assess these functions and then investigated why it was found altered in Aqp5 mice. V̇o was measured by the Helox technique, which elicits maximal metabolic rate by intense cold exposure of the animals.

Modulation of the porcine intestinal microbiota in the course of Ascaris suum infection.

Background: The porcine roundworm Ascaris suum impairs feed conversion and weight gain, but its effects on intestinal microbiota remain largely unexplored.

Methods: Modulation of the intestinal microbiota was assessed in pigs that were infected once with 10,000 A. suum eggs and pigs that received a trickle infection (1000 eggs/day over 10 days), compared with a non-infected control group.

Effects of adult and their antigens (total and trans-cuticular excretory-secretory antigen, cuticular somatic antigen) on intestinal nutrient transport .

constitutes a major problem in commercial pig farming worldwide. Lower weight gains in infected pigs probably result from impaired nutrient absorption. This study investigated intestinal nutrient transport in 4 groups of 6 pigs each, which were inoculated with 30 living adult , or antigen fractions consisting of (1) total excretory–secretory (ES) antigens of adult worms, (2) ES antigens secreted exclusively from the parasites' body surface (trans-cuticular ES) and (3) cuticular somatic antigens of , compared to placebo-treated controls.

Low Flow versus No Flow: Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury Following Different Experimental Models in the Equine Small Intestine.

In experimental studies investigating strangulating intestinal lesions in horses, different ischaemia models have been used with diverging results. Therefore, the aim was to comparatively describe ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in a low flow (LF) and no flow (NF) model. Under general anaesthesia, 120 min of jejunal ischaemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion was induced in 14 warmbloods.

The effect of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli colonization on the gut morphology, functional integrity, and microbiota composition of female turkeys.

Background: Campylobacter (C.) species are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne diarrhea in humans. Despite colonization, most animals do not show clinical signs, making recognition of affected flocks and disruption of the infection chain before slaughter challenging.

Endocrine and osmoregulatory responses to tidally-changing salinities in fishes.

Salinity is one of the main physical properties that govern the distribution of fishes across aquatic habitats. In order to maintain their body fluids near osmotic set points in the face of salinity changes, euryhaline fishes rely upon tissue-level osmotically-induced responses and systemic endocrine signaling to direct adaptive ion-transport processes in the gill and other critical osmoregulatory organs. Some euryhaline teleosts inhabit tidally influenced waters such as estuaries where salinity can vary between fresh water (FW) and seawater (SW).

Effects of Different Formulations of Glyphosate on Rumen Microbial Metabolism and Bacterial Community Composition in the Rumen Simulation Technique System.

The use of the herbicide glyphosate and its formulations on protein-rich feedstuff for cattle leads to a considerable intake of glyphosate into the rumen of the animals, where glyphosate may potentially impair the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate pathway of the commensal microbiota, which could cause dysbiosis or proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we evaluated the effects of pure glyphosate and the formulations Durano TF and Roundup LB plus in different concentrations on the fermentation pattern, community composition and metabolic activity of the rumen microbiota using the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC). Application of the compounds in three concentrations (0.

Molecular targets of prolactin in mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus): Ion transporters/channels, aquaporins, and claudins.

Prolactin (Prl) was identified over 60 years ago in mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) as a "freshwater (FW)-adapting hormone", yet the cellular and molecular targets of Prl in this model teleost have remained unknown. Here, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of two mummichog Prl receptors (Prlrs), designated Prlra and Prlrb, prior to describing the tissue- and salinity-dependent expression of their associated mRNAs. We then administered ovine Prl (oPrl) to mummichogs held in brackish water and characterized the expression of genes associated with FW- and seawater (SW)-type ionocytes.

Tilapia prolactin cells are thermosensitive osmoreceptors.

Prolactin (PRL) cells within the (RPD) of euryhaline and eurythermal Mozambique tilapia, , rapidly respond to a hyposmotic stimulus by releasing two distinct PRL isoforms, PRL and PRL. Here, we describe how environmentally relevant temperature changes affected mRNA levels of and and the release of immunoreactive prolactins from RPDs and dispersed PRL cells. When applied under isosmotic conditions (330 mosmol/kgHO), a 6°C rise in temperature stimulated the release of PRL and PRL from both RPDs and dispersed PRL cells under perifusion.