Breast Ultrasonography: Findings in Pediatric Patients.

 To analyze referral indications, imaging findings and diagnoses in breast sonography in a division of pediatric radiology.  Breast ultrasound examinations of 270 patients were analyzed for referral reasons, imaging findings and final diagnoses (152 females, 118 males). The mean age of the patients was 8.

Permissive hypercapnia in extremely low birthweight infants (PHELBI): a randomised controlled multicentre trial.

Background: Tolerating higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in mechanically ventilated, extremely low birthweight infants might reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We aimed to test the hypothesis that higher target ranges for pCO2 decrease the rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death.

Methods: In this randomised multicentre trial, we recruited infants from 16 tertiary care perinatal centres in Germany with birthweight between 400 g and 1000 g and gestational age 23-28 weeks plus 6 days, who needed endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation within 24 h of birth.

C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency in pediatric heart transplant recipients: incidence and findings on ultrasound.

Background: Acquired angioedema of the bowel caused by a deficiency of C1-esterase inhibitor can lead to severe abdominal pain with sudden onset, mimicking an acute surgical abdomen. In contrast to hereditary angioedema, which usually manifests in childhood, acquired angioedema is broadly recognized to affect people older than 40 years.

Objective: To determine the incidence of acquired angioedema in a cohort of pediatric heart transplant recipients and assess imaging findings on ultrasonography.

Measurement of real-time tissue elastography in a phantom model and comparison with transient elastography in pediatric patients with liver diseases.

Purpose: We aimed to determine the comparability of real-time tissue elastography (RTE) and transient elastography (TE) in pediatric patients with liver diseases.

Materials And Methods: RTE was performed on the Elasticity QA Phantom Model 049 (Computerized Imaging Reference Systems Company Inc., Norfolk, Virginia, USA), which has five areas with different levels of stiffness.

A pilot study of the characterization of hepatic tissue strain in children with cystic-fibrosis-associated liver disease (CFLD) by acoustic radiation force impulse imaging.

Background: Progressive fibrotic alterations of liver tissue represent a major complication in children with cystic fibrosis. Correct assessment of cystic-fibrosis-associated liver disease (CFLD) in clinical routine is a challenging issue. Sonographic elastography based on acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) is a new noninvasive approach for quantitatively assessing in vivo elasticity of biological tissues in many organs.

Radiation protection in pediatric radiology.

Background: The German Federal Law on Radiation Control contains no special provisions for X-ray studies in children and adolescents, even though exposure to ionizing radiation must be kept especially low in young persons, because their tissues are highly radiosensitive. Children, who have many years left to live, are more likely than adults to develop radiation-induced cancer; also, as future parents, they are at risk for passing on radiation-induced genetic defects to the next generation. Whenever possible, radiological studies on children and adolescents should be of a type that does not involve ionizing radiation, such as ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging.

[Reconstruction of stab wounds from preoperative CT data--diagnostic report of a clinical forensic examination].

A young man with multiple penetrating wounds was admitted to a hospital for emergency treatment after a knife attack. The following day, a clinical forensic examination to document and interpret the injuries was ordered. However, by then, only the changed postoperative condition of the injuries could be assessed.

Conversion of a neonatal hepatic hemangioma to focal nodular hyperplasia.

Hepatic hemangioma and focal nodular hyperplasia are both frequently observed benign lesions of the liver. Whereas hepatic hemangioma is the most frequent benign liver tumor in children, focal nodular hyperplasia occurs predominantly in adult patients. Concomitance of both entities has been described in adults, suggesting a similar pathogenesis.

Ovarian tumor in a 12-year old female with severe hypothyroidism: A case of Van Wyk and Grumbach syndrome.

We report a 12-year-old female presenting with an abdominal tumor. Diagnostic workup revealed giant bilateral ovarian cysts, severe hypothyroidism as well as an elevation of CA 125. We refrained from ovariectomy, which would be necessary for a malignant tumor, in view of an evident Van Wyk and Grumbach syndrome.

Evidence for involvement of the vitamin D receptor gene in idiopathic short stature via a genome-wide linkage study and subsequent association studies.

Stature is a highly heritable trait under both polygenic and major gene control. We aimed to identify genetic regions linked to idiopathic short stature (ISS) in childhood, through a whole genome scan in 92 families each with two affected children with ISS, including constitutional delay of growth and puberty and familial short stature. Linkage analysis was performed for ISS, height and bone age retardation.

Children with idiopathic short stature are poor eaters and have decreased body mass index.

Objective: In children with idiopathic short stature (ISS), studies investigating body mass index (BMI) or parameters of satiety regulation are scarce, and studies analyzing eating behavior are lacking.

Methods: We recruited 214 children (123 index cases and 91 siblings) with ISS from 123 families. Affected children had to have a body height <5th percentile, or, in the case of siblings, the body height of 1 child had to be <5th percentile and the other <15th percentile.

Combined external beam and intraluminal radiotherapy for irresectable Klatskin tumors.

Background: In most cases of proximal cholangiocarcinoma, curative surgery is not possible. Radiotherapy can be used for palliative treatment. We report our experience with combined external beam and intraluminal radiotherapy of advanced Klatskin's tumors.