Identification of less-irradiating tube angulations in invasive cardiology.

Objectives: We sought to identify tube angulations in invasive cardiology, which promise minimal radiation exposure to patients and operators.

Background: Radiation exposure in invasive cardiology is high.

Methods: We mapped the fluoroscopic dose-area product per second (DAP/s), applied to an anthropomorphic Alderson-Rando phantom and, in absence of radiation protection devices, the mean personal dose in the operator's position in 10 degrees steps from the 100 degrees right anterior oblique (RAO) to the 100 degrees left anterior oblique (LAO) projection, as well as for all geometrically feasible craniocaudal tube angulations.