Three-Dimensional Gradients of Cytokine Signaling between T Cells.

Immune responses are regulated by diffusible mediators, the cytokines, which act at sub-nanomolar concentrations. The spatial range of cytokine communication is a crucial, yet poorly understood, functional property. Both containment of cytokine action in narrow junctions between immune cells (immunological synapses) and global signaling throughout entire lymph nodes have been proposed, but the conditions under which they might occur are not clear.

Tissue reacting antibodies in a rhesus monkey with long-term Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

Immunoglobulins (Igs) reacting against endothelial and vascular structures and striated muscle cells as well as against cells from a peripheral nerve were detected by indirect immunofluorescent test (IIF) in a rhesus monkey infected for 29 yr with Trypanosoma cruzi. Anti-T. cruzi antibodies in this monkey showed a titer of 1:128 in the IIF test and the direct agglutination test.