Acute lung injury caused by severe malaria (SM) is triggered by a dysregulated immune response towards the infection with Plasmodium parasites. Postmortem analysis of human lungs shows diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), the presence of CD8 lymphocytes, neutrophils, and increased expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1). P.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHelminths have been present throughout the evolution of humans, promoting the development and maturation of the host immune system. However, this interaction is not exclusive between these two organisms, as the microbiota is also involved in this human evolutionary process and maintains a balanced relationship inside the host. Consequently, helminths have been forced to interact and co-evolve with the microbiota, shaping microbial communities and allowing the development of reciprocal mechanisms that favour their establishment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThrough the years, helminths have co-existed with many species. This process has allowed parasites to live within them for long periods and, in some cases, to generate offspring. In particular, this ability has allowed Fasciola hepatica to survive the diverse immunological responses faced within its wide range of hosts.
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