The 30-Billion-Dollar Distribution Markups and Taxes of Pharmaceuticals in Latin American Countries: Impact, Options, and Trade-Offs.

Objectives: The World Health Organization provides 10 specific guidelines for managing the prices of pharmaceutical products. Many of those are widely known and used such as reference pricing, value-based pricing, price transparency, and tendering. Less attention and knowledge is concentrated in markup regulation across the pharmaceutical supply chain and distribution and in tax exemptions or reductions.

ENCOMS: Argentinian survey in cost of illness and unmet needs in multiple sclerosis.

Unlabelled: The objective of the study was to assess the cost of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in Argentina categorized by disease severity using a societal perspective.

Method: Cross-sectional study including MS patients from 21 MS centers in 12 cities of Argentina. Patients were stratified by disease severity using the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) (group 1 with EDSS score between 0 and 3; group 2 with EDSS >3 and <7; group 3 with EDSS ≥7).