Effect of Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxacin, and Trimethoprim on In Vitro Biofilm Formation in Uropathogenic (UPEC).

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sublethal concentrations of nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim on biofilm formation in 57 uropathogenic strains (UPEC). The minimum inhibitory concentration of nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim was determined and the biofilm formation for each isolate with and without sub-lethal concentrations of each antibiotic was then quantified. The statistical significance of changes in biofilm formation was ascertained by way of a Dunnett's test.

Development of a novel, high resolution melting analysis based genotyping method for Cryptosporidium parvum.

This study employed the post-real-time PCR application, high resolution melting (HRM) analysis, in order to differentiate between characterised clinical and reference Cryptosporidium parvum samples obtained from Cork University Hospital (Cork, Ireland) and the Cryptosporidium Reference Unit (Swansea, Wales). A sample set composed of 18 distinct C. parvum gp60-subtypes of the IIa gp60-subtype family (an allele family accounting for over 80% of all cryptosporidiosis cases in Ireland) was employed.

A novel genotyping method for Cryptosporidium hominis.

Cryptosporidiosis remains the leading protozoan induced cause of diarrhoea-associated mortality worldwide. Cryptosporidium hominis, the anthroponotically transmitted species within the Cryptosporidium genus, contributes significantly to the global burden of infection, accounting for the majority of clinical cases in many countries. This study applied high resolution melting analysis, a post-real-time PCR application, to the differentiation of six globally prevalent C.

Development of novel methodology for the molecular differentiation of subtypes via high resolution melting analysis.

species subtypes are generally identified DNA sequencing of the gene tandem repeat motif region. Due to the immunogenic nature of its glycoprotein products, is subject to host selective pressures, genetic recombination and evolutionary processes that drive extensive polymorphism at this locus. The elucidation of the polymorphic nature of this gene has led to the current mainstay in subtyping nomenclature.

Increased diversity and novel subtypes among clinical Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis isolates in Southern Ireland.

Reported incidence rates of cryptosporidiosis in Ireland are consistently among the highest in Europe. Despite the national prevalence of this enteric parasite and the compulsory nature of incidence surveillance and reporting, in-depth analyses seeking to genotype clinical isolates of Cryptosporidium on an intra-species level are rarely undertaken in Ireland. This molecular epidemiology study of 163 clinical Cryptosporidium isolates was conducted in Southern Ireland, from 2015 to 2018, in order to ascertain population subtype heterogeneity.

Empirical treatment of urinary tract infections: how rational are our guidelines?

Objectives: This study considers susceptibility test results obtained over a 6 month period for Enterobacteriaceae that caused urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the Cork region of Ireland and uses these results to examine the suitability of Irish empirical treatment guidelines.

Patients And Methods: UTI-causing Enterobacteriaceae isolates were analysed using EUCAST guidelines to determine resistance to a set of commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents, i.e.

Campylobacter corcagiensis sp. nov., isolated from faeces of captive lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus).

An investigation of the prevalence of Campylobacter ureolyticus in a variety of animals led to the identification of the strain CIT 045(T), in the faeces of captive lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus). Originally, believed to be Campylobacter ureolyticus based on the colony morphology and positive urease test, analysis of 16S rRNA and hsp60 gene sequences of this isolate revealed that the strain differs significantly from other species of the genus Campylobacter described to date. Species-specific primers for 16S rRNA and hsp60 genes were designed and used to identify two additional strains isolated from faeces samples from other macaques.

Draft Genome Sequence of Campylobacter corcagiensis Strain CIT045T, a Representative of a Novel Campylobacter Species Isolated from Lion-Tailed Macaques (Macaca silenus).

Campylobacter corcagiensis CIT045(T) (=CCUG 64942(T), LMG 27932(T)), a new member of the Campylobacter genus, has recently been isolated from lion-tailed macaques in Cork, Ireland. To further characterize this new species and its potential pathogenicity, the genome sequence of C. corcagiensis was determined and is presented here.

Detection and molecular analysis of Campylobacter ureolyticus in domestic animals.

Previous studies showed the presence of Campylobacter ureolyticus in a large proportion of diarrhoeal samples from patients in Ireland. This emerging gastrointestinal pathogen was the second most common Campylobacter species detected in patients presenting with gastroenteritis, surpassed only by C. jejuni.

Draft Genome Sequence of Campylobacter ureolyticus Strain CIT007, the First Whole-Genome Sequence of a Clinical Isolate.

Herein, we present the draft genome sequence of Campylobacter ureolyticus. Strain CIT007 was isolated from a stool sample from an elderly female presenting with diarrheal illness and end-stage chronic renal disease.

Campylobacter ureolyticus: a portrait of the pathogen.

Herein, we provide a brief overview of the emerging bacterial pathogen Campylobacter ureolyticus. We describe the identification of the pathogen by molecular as opposed to classical culture based diagnostics and discuss candidate reservoirs of infection. We also review the available genomic data, outlining some of the major virulence factors, and discuss how these mechanisms likely contribute to pathogenesis of the organism.

Improved detection of bacterial pathogens in patients presenting with gastroenteritis by use of the EntericBio real-time Gastro Panel I assay.

In this study, we evaluated the use of EntericBio real-time Gastro Panel I (Serosep, Limerick, Ireland) for routine use in a clinical microbiology laboratory for simultaneous detection of Campylobacter jejuni, coli, and lari, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. in feces.

Molecular-based detection of the gastrointestinal pathogen Campylobacter ureolyticus in unpasteurized milk samples from two cattle farms in Ireland.

Campylobacter jejuni and coli are collectively regarded as the most prevalent cause of bacterial foodborne illness worldwide. An emerging species, Campylobacter ureolyticus has recently been detected in patients with gastroenteritis, however, the source of this organism has, until now, remained unclear. Herein, we describe the molecular-based detection of this pathogen in bovine faeces (1/20) and unpasteurized milk (6/47) but not in poultry (chicken wings and caeca).

Meningoencephalitis associated with non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are fastidious, difficult organisms to identify, but are increasingly associated with human disease. We report a case of meningoencephalitis associated with Mycobacterium malmoense and Mycobacterium interjectum co-isolation from cerebrospinal fluid. Recognition of these slow growing mycobacteria is important due to differences from standard mycobacterial treatments.

New drugs and treatment for cryptosporidiosis.

Purpose Of Review: There is a history of inadequate treatments for cryptosporidiosis and a lack of understanding of the species that cause human disease. Against this background, we review the efficacy of antiparasitic agents, particularly nitazoxanide, which has led to increased treatment options, the potential for immunotherapy, and consider the role of highly active antiretroviral therapy in reducing the incidence of this opportunistic infection.

Recent Findings: Nitazoxanide is effective for cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and probably immunocompromised patients (with an alteration in the duration of treatment or the dosing regimen).