Continuous local bupivacaine wound infusion with neuraxial morphine reduces opioid consumption after cesarean delivery.

As a part of a quality improvement program, maternal postoperative opioid use and pain scores were compared between those receiving continuous infusion of bupivacaine for local incisional pain control with multimodal pain management and neuraxial morphine versus multimodal pain management with neuraxial morphine alone. We compared postoperative opioid use and pain scores between the multimodal pain management group with neuraxial morphine and the group receiving multimodal pain management, neuraxial morphine, and continuous infusion of bupivacaine for local incisional pain control. A retrospective cohort analysis of cesarean deliveries from January of 2015 through March of 2016 was undertaken.

Using Simpson's diversity index to examine multidimensional models of diversity in health professions education.

Objective: This study explored new models of diversity for health professions education that incorporate multiple attributes and examined differences in diversity based on urbanicity, geographic region, and institutional structure.

Methods: Simpson's Diversity Index was used to develop race, gender, and interprofessional diversity indices for health professions schools in the United States (N = 318). Sullivan's extension was used to develop a composite diversity index that incorporated multiple individual attributes for each school.