Surgical aspects and outcomes after nephrectomy for Wilms tumour in sub-Saharan Africa: A report from Wilms Africa Phase II-CANCaRe Africa.

Background: Wilms tumour (WT) is one of the common and curable cancer types targeted by the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer. Tumour excision is essential for cure. This analysis focuses on surgical outcomes of patients with WT in sub-Saharan Africa.

Fertility-sparing uterine displacement for pelvic malignancies: surgical options and radiotherapy dosimetry on a human cadaver.

Background: Radio(chemo)therapy is often required in pelvic malignancies (cancer of the anus, rectum, cervix). Direct irradiation adversely affects ovarian and endometrial function, compromising the fertility of women. While ovarian transposition is an established method to move the ovaries away from the radiation field, surgical procedures to displace the uterus are investigational.

Turning adversity into opportunity: Small extracellular vesicles as nanocarriers for tumor-associated macrophages re-education.

Currently, small extracellular vesicles (sEV) as a nanoscale drug delivery system, are undergoing biotechnological scaling and clinical validation. Nonetheless, preclinical pharmacokinetic studies revealed that sEV are predominantly uptaken by macrophages. Although this "sEV-macrophage" propensity represents a disadvantage in terms of sEV targeting and their bioavailability as nanocarriers, it also represents a strategic advantage for those therapies that involve macrophages.

Basal-like mammary carcinomas stimulate cancer stem cell properties through AXL-signaling to induce chemotherapy resistance.

Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is the most aggressive and heterogeneous breast cancer (BC) subtype. Conventional chemotherapies represent next to surgery the most frequently employed treatment options. Unfortunately, resistant tumor phenotypes often develop, resulting in therapeutic failure.

Intra-Articular Lidocaine versus Procedural Sedation for Shoulder Dislocation Reduction: A Randomized Trial.

Introduction: Two common ways of providing anesthesia for shoulder dislocation reductions in the emergency department (ED) are intra-articular lidocaine (IAL) injections and procedural sedation (PS). We sought to compare PS with propofol or etomidate to IAL for shoulder dislocation reductions in the ED.

Methods: This was an open-label, randomized controlled trial of patients aged 18-70 years with anterior shoulder dislocations who presented to a single ED.

Factors Affecting Citizen Trust and Public Engagement Relating to the Generation and Use of Real-World Evidence in Healthcare.

The potential for the use of real-world data (RWD) to generate real-world evidence (RWE) that can inform clinical decision-making and health policy is increasingly recognized, albeit with hesitancy in some circles. If used appropriately, the rapidly expanding wealth of health data could improve healthcare research, delivery of care, and patient outcomes. However, this depends on two key factors: (1) building structures that increase the confidence and willingness of European Union (EU) citizens to permit the collection and use of their data, and (2) development of EU health policy to support and shape data collection infrastructures, methodologies, transmission, and use.

Identifying the Steps Required to Effectively Implement Next-Generation Sequencing in Oncology at a National Level in Europe.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) may enable more focused and highly personalized cancer treatment, with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and European Society for Medical Oncology guidelines now recommending NGS for daily clinical practice for several tumor types. However, NGS implementation, and therefore patient access, varies across Europe; a multi-stakeholder collaboration is needed to establish the conditions required to improve this discrepancy. In that regard, we set up European Alliance for Personalised Medicine (EAPM)-led expert panels during the first half of 2021, including key stakeholders from across 10 European countries covering medical, economic, patient, industry, and governmental expertise.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound Assisting in the Rapid Diagnosis of Acute Cholangitis 60 Years After Cholecystectomy.

Background: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is used frequently to evaluate the right upper quadrant of patients with high suspicion for biliary pathology. In patients with a history of cholecystectomy, the utility of POCUS can be overlooked.

Case Report: We report the case of an 83-year-old female patient who was ultimately diagnosed with cholangitis more than 60 years after undergoing cholecystectomy.

A Novel Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Surgical Planning of Penile Inversion Vaginoplasty.

Transfeminine patients undergoing vaginoplasty frequently require reoperation due to dissatisfaction with insufficient vaginal dimensions. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of preoperative imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in establishing appropriate patient expectations and surgical planning for vaginoplasty procedures. In this retrospective review, we identified all patients that received MRI before undergoing penile inversion vaginoplasty by a single surgeon from 2019 to 2020.

Camouflage strategies for therapeutic exosomes evasion from phagocytosis.

Background: Even though exosome-based therapy has been shown to be able to control the progression of different pathologies, the data revealed by pharmacokinetic studies warn of the low residence time of exogenous exosomes in circulation that can hinder the clinical translation of therapeutic exosomes. The macrophages related to the organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system are responsible primarily for the rapid clearance and retention of exosomes, which strongly limits the amount of exosomal particles available to reach the target tissue, accumulate in it and release with high efficiency its therapeutic cargo in acceptor target cells to exert the desired biological effect.

Aim Of Review: Endowing exosomes with surface modifications to evade the immune system is a plausible strategy to contribute to the suppression of exosomal clearance and increase the efficiency of their targeted content delivery.

Tumour budding and CD8 T cells: 'attackers' and 'defenders' in rectal cancer with and without neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

Aim: Tumour budding ('attacker') and CD8 T cells ('defender') are recognised as important parameters for risk stratification in colon cancers and, combined, may have an even stronger clinical impact. Here, we determine the value of tumour budding and CD8 in rectal cancer patients treated with/without neoadjuvant therapy.

Methods And Results: Using digital scans of all tumour slides/case, we analysed CD8 T cell counts in two patient cohorts: 45 neoadjuvantly treated and 47 primarily surgically treated (totalling n = 543 slides) after double-staining of the surgical resection specimen for pan-cytokeratin and CD8 .

Acetylcholinesterase promotes apoptosis in insect neurons.

Apoptosis plays a major role in development, tissue renewal and the progression of degenerative diseases. Studies on various types of mammalian cells reported a pro-apoptotic function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), particularly in the formation of the apoptosome and the degradation of nuclear DNA. While three AChE splice variants are present in mammals, invertebrates typically express two ache genes that code for a synaptically located protein and a protein with non-synaptic functions respectively.

Risk factors associated with failing pre-transmission assessment surveys (pre-TAS) in lymphatic filariasis elimination programs: Results of a multi-country analysis.

Achieving elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem requires a minimum of five effective rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) and demonstrating low prevalence in subsequent assessments. The first assessments recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are sentinel and spot-check sites-referred to as pre-transmission assessment surveys (pre-TAS)-in each implementation unit after MDA. If pre-TAS shows that prevalence in each site has been lowered to less than 1% microfilaremia or less than 2% antigenemia, the implementation unit conducts a TAS to determine whether MDA can be stopped.

Universal screening program for lipid disorders in 2-10 years old Lebanese children: A new approach.

Introduction: Dyslipidemia has been recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Studies have showed that the development of atherosclerotic lesions begins in childhood and progresses throughout life. While the prevalence of dyslipidemia in adults has been reported to be 10 times higher in Lebanon compared to Western countries, data on the prevalence of dyslipidemic children in Lebanon is lacking.

USAGE OF A RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR MALARIA IN CHILDREN.

Background: Malaria is still the primary cause of pediatric deaths. The efficient management of pediatric malaria requires its rapid and accurate diagnosis. To fulfill this requirement, rapid diagnostic tests have been developed, but their evaluation before commercialization is never exhaustive.

Progress in closing the gap in life expectancy at birth for Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory, 1967-2012.

Objectives: To compare long term changes in mortality and life expectancy at birth (LE) of Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory and of the overall Australian population; to determine the contributions of changes in mortality in specific age groups to changes in LE for each population.

Design, Setting, Participants: Retrospective trend analysis of death and LE data for the NT Aboriginal and Australian populations, 1967-2012.

Main Outcome Measures: LE estimates based on abridged life tables; mortality estimates (deaths per 100 000 population); and age decomposition of LE changes by sex and time period.

Clinical, virological, and biological parameters associated with outcomes of Ebola virus infection in Macenta, Guinea.

The pathogenesis of Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) is poorly characterized. The establishment of well-equipped diagnostic laboratories close to Ebola treatment centers (ETCs) has made it possible to obtain relevant virological and biological data during the course of EVD and to assess their association with the clinical course and different outcomes of the disease. We were responsible for diagnosing EBOV infection in patients admitted to two ETCs in forested areas of Guinea.

Efficacy of Surgical Simulation Training in a Low-Income Country.

Introduction: Simulation training has evolved as an important component of postgraduate surgical education and has shown to be effective in teaching procedural skills. Despite potential benefits to low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), simulation training is predominately used in high-income settings. This study evaluates the effectiveness of simulation training in one LMIC (Rwanda).

Dietetic and Psychological Mindfulness Workshops for the Management of Cachectic Cancer Patients. A Randomized Study.

Aim: To determine if actively-treated cancer patients developing cachexia could benefit from participation to mindfulness workshops.

Patients And Methods: Subjects developing cachexia signs while treated for cancer were randomized in a trial aiming to compare an experimental group that would participate to specific workshops based on mindfulness alternating dietetic and psychological approaches, and a control group managed in accordance to usual practice.

Results: The recruitment was difficult (12% of the approached population).

Homelessness and stakeholders' involvement in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: a qualitative study.

Background: In 2013, between 150 and 200 people per night in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg are estimated roofless. Abilities to respond to emergencies in the GDL are perceptibly decreased due to longer stays in emergency shelters. This study aimed to analyse the needs of long-term homeless (LTH) individuals and to put forward professional recommendations to improve support and care for homeless individuals.

Comparison of hysterosalpingograms with laparoscopy in the diagnostic of tubal factor of female infertility at the Yaoundé General Hospital, Cameroon.

Introduction: The objectives were to assess the diagnostic value of hysterosalpingography (HSG) with laparoscopy as gold standard in the evaluation of tubal patency and pelvic adhesions in women suffering from infertility.

Methods: We conducted a comparative cross sectional study on 208 medical files of infertile women followed up at the Yaoundé General Hospital during a period of five years (December 2007 to December 2012). Tubal patency, hydrosalpinx and pelvic adhesions detected at HSG were compared with laparoscopic findings as the gold standard.

Aphakia correction by injection of foldable intra ocular lens in the anterior chamber.

We assessed the outcomes of the use of anterior chamber foldable lens for unilateral aphakia correction at the University Teaching Hospital of Yaounde. In this retrospective, non-comparative, consecutive case series study, we reviewed the records of patients who underwent an operation for aphakia correction by the means of injection of an angular supported foldable lens between January 2009 and December 2011 in the University Teaching Hospital Yaounde. Student's paired t-test was carried out to compare pre-operative and post-operative visual acuity (VA) and intraocular pressure (IOP).