Development of the Warwick Axial Spondyloarthritis faTigue and Energy questionnaire (WASTEd)-a new patient-reported outcome measure.

Objective: The aim was to co-produce and test a potential new patient-reported outcome measure (PROM), the Warwick Axial Spondyloarthritis faTigue and Energy questionnaire (WASTEd), providing vital qualitative confirmation of conceptual relevance, clarity and acceptability.

Methods: Informed by measurement theory, we collaborated with patient partners throughout a three-stage, iterative process of PROM development. In stage 1, informed by patient interviews, reviews exploring patients' fatigue experiences and existing PROMs of fatigue, an initial measurement framework of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) fatigue and energy and candidate items were defined.

Qualitative interview study exploring the patient experience of living with axial spondyloarthritis and fatigue: difficult, demanding and draining.

Objective: To explore patients' lived experiences of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and fatigue.

Design: Interpretative phenomenological analysis (lived experience) was used as the study design. Analysis drew together codes with similar meaning to create superordinate and subordinate themes.

Protective role of humoral immune responses during an outbreak of hepatitis E in Egypt.

Although the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) is approximately 80% in adult Egyptians living in rural areas, symptomatic HEV-caused acute viral hepatitis (AVH) is sporadic and relatively uncommon. To investigate the dichotomy between HEV infection and clinical AVH, HEV-specific immune responses in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic HEV infection during a waterborne outbreak in Egypt were examined. Of 235 acute hepatitis patients in Assiut hospitals screened for HEV infection, 42 (17.

Prospective study of cross-infection from upper-GI endoscopy in a hepatitis C-prevalent population.

Background: A high prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV) in the Egyptian Nile Delta increases the demand for upper-GI endoscopy (UGIE) and the risk of cross-infection with this virus.

Objective: To assess the potential for UGIE to transmit HCV when endoscopes are reprocessed according to current international standards.

Design: A prospective cohort study to detect the incidence of HCV and hepatitis B cross-infections.

Integrating Chinese traditional medicine into a U.S. public health paradigm.

Chinese traditional medicine (CTM) is a health care system with an extensive history of practical clinical experience. The foundation of CTM, while relatively simple, is substantively different from much of allopathic medicine. Such differences are difficult to explain using a Western medical vocabulary, and extend beyond linguistic foundations.