State-of-the-Art Review: Ocular Infections.

Collaborations between ophthalmologists and infectious disease specialists are critical for optimizing care of many patients with eye infections. We review challenges in common and uncommon eye infections to promote better understanding of these infections and prioritize areas for further research.

Ocular syphilis in patients with nonreactive RPR and positive treponemal serologies: a retrospective observational cohort study.

Background: Screening for syphilis increasingly relies on positive treponemal rather than nontreponemal tests (rapid plasma reagin [RPR]). We compared ocular syphilis in patients with nonreactive versus positive RPR.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of ocular syphilis treated at two New England hospitals 1996-2021 based on ophthalmologist-diagnosed eye findings and positive treponemal serology, regardless of RPR.

Malignancy Risk Associated With the Use of Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy in the Management of Noninfectious Uveitis.

Purpose: Patients with noninfectious uveitis (NIU) can require treatment with systemic immunomodulatory therapy (IMT), but it is unclear whether IMT drug categories increase the risk of malignancy in NIU patients. The purpose of this study is to determine if the use of systemic IMT in patients with NIU is associated with an increased risk of malignancy.

Design: Clinical cohort study.

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Cataract in Anterior Uveitis.

Purpose: To estimate the incidence/risk factors for cataract in noninfectious anterior uveitis.

Design: Retrospective multicenter cohort study (6 US tertiary uveitis sites, 1978-2010).

Methods: Data were harvested by trained expert reviewers, using protocol-driven review of experts' charts.

High Positive Predictive Value of Fluorescein Angiography Contiguous, Perineural Retinal Vascular Leakage Pattern for Birdshot Chorioretinopathy.

Purpose: To determine the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of a contiguous, perineural retinal vascular leakage fluorescein angiography (FA) pattern in birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) patients.

Methods: Patients with BSCR and other posterior uveitis/retinal vasculitis and a FA were identified. Two graders reviewed the first FA for leakage primarily around the optic nerve and along the larger arcade vessels.

Mendelian Randomization Shows a Causal Effect of Low Vitamin D on Non-infectious Uveitis and Scleritis Risk.

Purpose: To investigate a causal relationship between Vitamin D levels and non-infectious uveitis and scleritis using Mendelian randomization (MR) techniques.

Design: Two-sample Mendelian randomization case-control study.

Methods: The study setting was a biobank of an academic, integrated health care system.

Restoration of Vision in Severe, Cicatricial, Ocular Surface Disease With the Boston Keratoprosthesis Type II.

Purpose: To assess clinical outcomes of patients with severe, cicatricial ocular surface disease (OSD) implanted with the currently marketed design of the Boston keratoprosthesis type II (BK2).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: Records of consecutive patients undergoing BK2 implantation from June 2009 to March 2021 were assessed for postoperative visual acuity, postoperative complications, device replacement, and additional surgeries.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma: Inter-compartmental progression.

There is limited understanding of the inter-compartmental progression and treatment outcomes of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). In this multicenter retrospective cohort study on 234 patients with PCNSL (median age: 62.5 years [18-92]; median follow-up 35 months [0.

Anti-infliximab antibodies and clinical response in noninfectious uveitis and scleritis patients treated with infliximab: A retrospective review.

Purpose: To investigate the clinical response to infliximab in ocular inflammation patients who develop anti-infliximab antibodies (AIA) vs. those patients who do not develop AIA.

Observations: A retrospective review was performed of patients treated with infliximab for noninfectious uveitis (NIU) or scleritis.

Comparison of Modified Posterior Sub-Tenon's vs. Trans-Septal Triamcinolone Injection for Non-infectious Uveitis.

: To compare the safety and efficacy of trans-septal vs. modified posterior sub-Tenon's (PST) corticosteroid injections for noninfectious uveitis.: Retrospective comparison of periocular triamcinolone injection by modified PST (n = 36) vs.

Real-Time Multiplex PCR Analysis in Infectious Uveitis.

: Infectious uveitis is a serious inflammatory condition that often causes grave ocular morbidity including permanent vision loss and damage to the structures of the eye. The most common causes of infectious uveitis include herpesviruses and . Traditionally, these infections have been identified and differentiated based on characteristic clinical examination findings; however, there is often overlap between these presentations and the unique cause of a given patient's infection is not always clear.

Ocular Adverse Events following Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Metastatic Malignancies.

Purpose: To report the clinical features, severity, and management of ocular immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in the setting of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for metastatic malignancies.

Methods: Retrospective chart review at three tertiary ophthalmology clinics. Electronic medical records were reviewed between 2000 and 2017 for patients with new ocular symptoms while undergoing checkpoint inhibition therapy.

Association of Low Vitamin D Levels with Noninfectious Uveitis and Scleritis.

: To determine whether an association between Vitamin D and noninfectious ocular inflammation exists. : Retrospective case-control study with 765 patients (333 uveitis cases, 103 scleritis cases, 329 controls). Logistic regression models examined the relationship between hypovitaminosis D and ocular inflammation.

Association of genetic variants in and with uveitis in sarcoidosis.

Purpose: Uveitis occurs in a subset of patients with sarcoidosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetic variants that have been associated previously with overall sarcoidosis are associated with increased risk of developing uveitis.

Methods: Seventy-seven subjects were enrolled, including 45 patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis-related uveitis as cases and 32 patients with systemic sarcoidosis without ocular involvement as controls.

Cataract Surgery Complications in Uveitis Patients: A Review Article.

Uveitis is a leading causes of blindness worldwide, and the development of cataracts is common due to both the presence of intraocular inflammation and the most commonly employed treatment with corticosteroids. The management of these cataracts can be very challenging and often requires additional procedures that can compromise surgical results. The underlying disease affects a relatively young population at higher risk of complications.

A retrospective study on the outcomes of Ahmed valve versus Ahmed valve combined with fluocinolone implant in uveitic glaucoma.

Purpose: To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) surgery alone versus AGV with fluocinolone implant in uveitic glaucoma patients.

Methods: We identified uveitic glaucoma patients with AGV surgery alone and AGV surgery combined with fluocinolone implant from the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Ocular Inflammation Database. Demographic information, visual acuity, and IOP were recorded at preoperative visits and 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery.

Chemical Burns of the Eye: The Role of Retinal Injury and New Therapeutic Possibilities.

Purpose: To propose a new treatment paradigm for chemical burns to the eye - in the acute and chronic phases.

Methods: Recent laboratory and clinical data on the biology and treatment of chemical burns are analyzed.

Results: Corneal blindness from chemical burns can now be successfully treated with a keratoprosthesis, on immediate and intermediate bases.

Ophthalmologic manifestations of systemic vasculitis.

Purpose Of Review: To review the systemic vasculitides and associated ocular manifestations with emphasis on publications within the last 12 months.

Recent Findings: There are multiple case reports demonstrating atypical ocular manifestations of systemic vasculitis. Often the eye findings are the initial presentation of the disorder and require a high degree of clinical suspicion to evaluate further as these conditions can compromise vision but some may also be life threatening.

Pre-papillary vitreous opacities associated with Behçet's disease: a case series and review of the literature.

Purpose: To present pre-papillary vitreous opacity as an uncommon manifestation of inflammation in Behçet's disease that may be specific to this uveitic entity.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 67 patients with Behçet's disease examined at our clinic between 2005 and 2016. Behçet's disease was diagnosed based on established clinical criteria of inflammation involving the eyes, mucocutaneous junctions, and skin.

Association of Low Vitamin D Levels With Noninfectious Anterior Uveitis.

Importance: Vitamin D plays an important role in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. It has been shown to contribute to the etiology of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases through the upregulation of type 2 anti-inflammatory T helper cells and the suppression of type 1 T helper cells. Noninfectious uveitis is postulated to be caused by immune dysfunction.

A Review of the Course and Treatment of Non-Infectious Uveitis during Pregnancy.

Inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune uveitis often occur in women of childbearing age. During pregnancy, women may experience exacerbations of their disease in the first trimester. In the later stages of pregnancy, however, the uveitis tends to remain less active.