From Malthusian Disequilibrium to the Post-Malthusian Era: The Evolution of the Preventive and Positive Checks in Germany, 1730-1870.

This study draws on a new data set of vital rates and real wages to explore short-term and long-term behavior of the preventive and positive checks in a major economy of premodern mainland Europe. Four results stand out. First, the preventive check was fairly stable throughout the period 1730-1870; its magnitude of 0.

Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection and spread in human liver chimeric mice by an anti-CD81 monoclonal antibody.

Unlabelled: CD81 is a required receptor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of human hepatocytes in vitro. We generated several high-affinity anti-human CD81 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that demonstrated potent, specific, and cross-genotype inhibition of HCV entry. One of these mAbs, K04, was administered to human liver chimeric mice before or after HCV infection to determine its ability to prevent HCV infection or spread of HCV infection, respectively.

Increasing the efficacy of CD20 antibody therapy through the engineering of a new type II anti-CD20 antibody with enhanced direct and immune effector cell-mediated B-cell cytotoxicity.

CD20 is an important target for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma as well as autoimmune disorders. B-cell depletion therapy using monoclonal antibodies against CD20, such as rituximab, has revolutionized the treatment of these disorders, greatly improving overall survival in patients. Here, we report the development of GA101 as the first Fc-engineered, type II humanized IgG1 antibody against CD20.