Comparison of recovery efficiency and matrix effect reduction in pesticide residue analysis: QuEChERS with d-SPE, SPE, and FaPEx in apples and Korean cabbage.

QuEChERS is widely used for the analysis of pesticide residues. However, d-SPE, which is commonly utilized in QuEChERS, demonstrates lower clean-up effectiveness than that achieved using conventional SPE, leading to an inadequate reduction of matrix effects. Hence, methods, such as internal standards and matrix-matched calibration (MMC), are frequently employed to address matrix effects.