Publications by authors named "Geoffrey Young"

With the fast development of artificial intelligence (AI) and its applications in medicine, it is often said that the time for intelligent medicine is arriving, if not already have arrived. While there is no doubt that AI-centred intelligent medicine will transform current healthcare, it is necessary to test and re-test medical AI (MAI) products before they are implemented in the real world. From the perspective of ensuring safety, accuracy and efficiency, it is imperative that MAIs undergo stress tests in a systematic and comprehensive manner where stress tests subject MAIs to workloads and environments beyond tests carried out by their developers.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Many diagnostic errors occur because clinicians cannot easily access relevant information in patient Electronic Health Records (EHRs). In this work we propose a method to use LLMs to identify pieces of evidence in patient EHR data that indicate increased or decreased risk of specific diagnoses; our ultimate aim is to increase access to evidence and reduce diagnostic errors. In particular, we propose a Neural Additive Model to make predictions backed by evidence with individualized risk estimates at time-points where clinicians are still uncertain, aiming to specifically mitigate delays in diagnosis and errors stemming from an incomplete differential.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Purpose: This study describes graduate medical education (GME) placement outcomes for recent U.S. medical school graduates and examines racial and ethnic differences in GME placement among these graduates.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Unstructured data in Electronic Health Records (EHRs) often contains critical information-complementary to imaging-that could inform radiologists' diagnoses. But the large volume of notes often associated with patients together with time constraints renders manually identifying relevant evidence practically infeasible. In this work we propose and evaluate a zero-shot strategy for using LLMs as a mechanism to efficiently retrieve and summarize unstructured evidence in patient EHR relevant to a given query.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF
Article Synopsis
  • A group of medical experts worked together to create guidelines for using a medicine called bevacizumab to help patients with a disease called recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP).
  • They reviewed many studies and gathered opinions from doctors who treat both kids and adults with this condition to decide how best to use the medicine.
  • Their findings include important information on which patients might benefit from this treatment, how to give the medicine, and when to stop or restart it, helping to change how RRP is treated.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Segmentation of glioma is crucial for quantitative brain tumor assessment, to guide therapeutic research and clinical management, but very time-consuming. Fully automated tools for the segmentation of multi-sequence MRI are needed. We developed and pretrained a deep learning (DL) model using publicly available datasets A (n = 210) and B (n = 369) containing FLAIR, T2WI, and contrast-enhanced (CE)-T1WI.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Importance: Postoperative radiation therapy for close surgical margins in low- to intermediate-grade salivary carcinomas lacks multi-institutional supportive evidence.

Objective: To evaluate the oncologic outcomes for low- and intermediate-grade salivary carcinomas with close and positive margins.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The American Head and Neck Society Salivary Gland Section conducted a retrospective cohort study from 2010 to 2019 at 41 centers.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthcare resource allocation and utilization of preventative medical services. It is unknown if there is resultant stage migration of melanoma, breast, and colorectal cancer when comparing extended time periods before and after the pandemic onset.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of melanoma, breast, and colorectal cancer patients was completed.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Purpose: One-third of medical school applicants attend a community college (CC), and they represent a diverse group of applicants. However, they have a lower likelihood of being accepted to medical school. Using application-level data, this study examines how an applicant's CC attendance impacts the likelihood of application acceptance and how 3 medical school characteristics moderate this association.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

We review the wide variety of common neuroimaging manifestations related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and COVID therapies, grouping the entities by likely pathophysiology, recognizing that the etiology of many entities remains uncertain. Direct viral invasion likely contributes to olfactory bulb abnormalities. COVID meningoencephalitis may represent direct viral infection and/or autoimmune inflammation.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF
Article Synopsis
  • Researchers studied how computers can learn from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) by looking at both images and text together.
  • They found that the connections between certain parts of images and sentences weren't always clear or accurate.
  • By making some small changes to how the models work, they could help improve these connections without needing a lot of extra guidance, and they shared their tools for others to use.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF

In 2015, data released by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) showed that there were more Black men applying and matriculating to medical school in 1978 than 2014. The representation of Black men in medicine is a troubling workforce issue that was identified by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine as a national crisis. While premedical pathway programs have contributed to increased workforce diversity, alone they are insufficient to accelerate change.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF
Article Synopsis
  • Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a deadly neurodegenerative disease linked to protein aggregation and shares similarities with Parkinson's disease; its complexity and fast progression make drug development challenging.
  • Researchers have created a cohort of 69 carefully assessed MSA patients and are recruiting them into a unique clinical trial setup that tracks individual patient progress over time.
  • The study includes extensive patient phenotyping, collection of biospecimens, and development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models to enhance understanding of MSA and improve chances of successful therapies through personalized medicine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Differentiating multiple system atrophy (MSA) from related neurodegenerative movement disorders (NMD) is challenging. MRI is widely available and automated decision-tree analysis is simple, transparent, and resistant to overfitting. Using a retrospective cohort of heterogeneous clinical MRIs broadly sourced from a tertiary hospital system, we aimed to develop readily translatable and fully automated volumetric diagnostic decision-trees to facilitate early and accurate differential diagnosis of NMDs.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Background: Submandibular gland (SMG) transfer decreased radiation-associated xerostomia in the 2/3-dimensional radiotherapy era. We evaluated the dosimetric implications of SMG transfer on modern intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans.

Methods: Eighteen oropharynx cancer patients underwent SMG transfer followed by IMRT; reoptimized plans using the baseline SMG location were generated.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Ultra-high-field 7.0 Tesla (T) MRI offers substantial gains in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over 3T and 1.5T, but for over two decades has remained a research tool, while 3T scanners have achieved widespread clinical use.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Background And Purpose: MRI has a crucial role in presurgical evaluation of drug-resistant focal epilepsy patients. Whether and how much 7T MRI further improves presurgical diagnosis compared to standard of care 3T MRI remains to be established. We investigate the added value 7T MRI offers in surgical candidates with remaining clinical uncertainty after 3T MRI.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

In this work we present a framework of designing iterative techniques for image deblurring in inverse problem. The new framework is based on two observations about existing methods. We used Landweber method as the basis to develop and present the new framework but note that the framework is applicable to other iterative techniques.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Head and neck cancer is the seventh most common cancer in the world, and most cases manifest as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Despite the prominent role of fucosylated carbohydrate antigens in tumor cell adhesion and metastasis, little is known about the functional role of fucose-modified glycoproteins in head and neck cancer pathobiology. Inactivating polymorphisms of the fut2 gene, encoding for the α1,2-fucosyltransferase FUT2, are associated with an increased incidence of head and neck cancer among tobacco users.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Viruses are the second leading cause of cancer worldwide, and human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck cancers are increasing in incidence in the United States. HPV preferentially infects the crypts of the tonsils rather than the surface epithelium. The present study sought to characterize the unique microenvironment within the crypts to better understand the viral tropism of HPV to a lymphoid-rich organ.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Objectives: Real-time assessment of treatment response in glioblastoma (GBM) patients on immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) remains challenging because inflammatory effects of therapy may mimic progressive disease, and the temporal evolution of these inflammatory findings is poorly understood. We compare GBM patient response during ICB as assessed with the Immunotherapy Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (iRANO) and the standard Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) radiological criteria.

Methods: 49 GBM patients (seven newly diagnosed and 42 recurrent) treated with ICBs at a single institution were identified.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Purpose: Understanding the method of thyroid cancer detection has potential implications on interpreting incidence rates, the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer. We conducted a systematic review of studies reporting methods of thyroid cancer detection to estimate the frequency of incidentally found cancers and classify triggers of incidental thyroid cancer diagnosis.

Methods: We searched multiple bibliographic databases from inception to June 2020.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Background: Approximately one-fourth of all cancer metastases are found in the brain. MRI is the primary technique for detection of brain metastasis, planning of radiotherapy, and the monitoring of treatment response. Progress in tumor treatment now requires detection of new or growing metastases at the small subcentimeter size, when these therapies are most effective.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: fopen(/var/lib/php/sessions/ci_sessionnbp1bfp0daina3ropjhe2tqrkt8rv5c9): Failed to open stream: No space left on device

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 177

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_start(): Failed to read session data: user (path: /var/lib/php/sessions)

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 137

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once