Effects of self reflection on engagement in a 12-step addiction treatment programme: a linguistic analysis of diary entries.

Thirty clients receiving Twelve-Step Facilitation Therapy in a rehabilitation setting formed the intervention group. They were asked to complete in third person a weekly evaluation of progress based on reading personal "Feelings" diaries they had written on a daily basis over a period of one week, starting 3weeks previously. The diaries of the clients and of a further 60 clients in two matched control groups were compared.

Covariation in addictive behaviours: a study of addictive orientations using the Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire.

Previous research has suggested that different addictive behaviours are linked, such that decreases in one may lead to compensatory increases in another, or even that one addiction may lead to another. Such views on "cross addiction" are encouraged by the prevailing tendency amongst researchers from very different theoretical backgrounds to view different addictions as serving a common function, such as mood alteration, or the "management of hedonic tone." Previous studies have suggested that different addictions may usefully be grouped according to how they covary.

The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire: further validation of a tool for simultaneous assessment of multiple addictive behaviours.

There is both a theoretical and clinical need to develop a questionnaire that assesses a range of addictive behaviours. The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire (SPQ) is a 16-scale self-report instrument assessing the use of nicotine, recreational drugs, prescription drugs, gambling, sex, caffeine, food bingeing, food starving, exercise, shopping, work, relationships dominant and submissive, and compulsive helping dominant and submissive. Clinical cut-off scores using the 90th percentile were derived from a normative group of 508 individuals.