On recent meta-analyses of exposure to glyphosate and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in humans.

Purpose: A recent meta-analysis of five case-control studies and one cohort study reported that exposure to glyphosate was associated with increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The meta-analysis was based on estimates of risk from the included studies at the highest reported exposure level obtained from analyses with the longest lag period. The extent to which the summary estimate depends upon the exposure definitions and assumed latency period is uncertain.

Urinary Estrogen Metabolites and Long-Term Mortality Following Breast Cancer.

Background: Estrogen metabolite concentrations of 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE) and 16-hydroxyestrone (16-OHE) may be associated with breast carcinogenesis. However, no study has investigated their possible impact on mortality after breast cancer.

Methods: This population-based study was initiated in 1996-1997 with spot urine samples obtained shortly after diagnosis (mean = 96 days) from 683 women newly diagnosed with first primary breast cancer and 434 age-matched women without breast cancer.

Metabolic syndrome and risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women: a prospective study.

Background: Obesity is a strong risk factor for endometrial cancer, but it is unclear whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) contributes to endometrial cancer risk over and above the contribution of obesity.

Methods: We examined the association of MetS and its components with risk of endometrial cancer in a sub-cohort of 24,210 women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative cohort study. Two variants of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition of the MetS were used: one including and one excluding waist circumference (WC).

Adiposity, history of diabetes, and risk of pancreatic cancer in postmenopausal women.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of type II diabetes and anthropometric variables with risk of pancreatic cancer among postmenopausal women.

Methods: Weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured by trained personnel, whereas history of diabetes and weight earlier in life were self-reported. Pancreatic cancer was ascertained via central review of medical records by physician adjudicators.

C-reactive protein concentration and risk of selected obesity-related cancers in the Women's Health Initiative.

Background: Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition strongly associated with the risk of numerous cancers. We examined the association between circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), a biomarker of inflammation and strong correlate of obesity, and the risk of three understudied obesity-related cancers in postmenopausal women: ovarian cancer, kidney cancer, and multiple myeloma.

Methods: Participants were 24,205 postmenopausal women who had measurements of baseline serum hsCRP (mg/L) in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) CVD Biomarkers Cohort, a collection of four sub-studies within the WHI.

The association of sleep duration and quality with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the Women's Health Initiative.

Background/objective: Many studies have shown a U-shaped association of sleep duration with mortality; however, this association is difficult to interpret owing to possible reverse causation, residual confounding, and measurement issues. We used data from the Women's Health Initiative to examine the associations of sleep duration, insomnia, and use of sleep aids with death from cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, "other" causes, and all causes combined.

Methods: Cox proportional hazards models were used in the analysis of baseline data and in time-dependent analyses of repeated measures to estimate associations of sleep-related factors with mortality.

Adiposity at different periods of life and risk of adult glioma in a cohort of postmenopausal women.

Background: Little is known about risk factors for adult glioma. Adiposity has received some attention as a possible risk factor.

Methods: We examined the association of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), measured at enrollment, as well as self-reported weight earlier in life, with risk of glioma in a large cohort of postmenopausal women.

Metabolic obesity phenotypes and risk of colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women.

Obesity has been postulated to increase the risk of colorectal cancer by mechanisms involving insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. We examined the associations of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, the metabolic syndrome, metabolic obesity phenotypes and homeostasis model-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR-a marker of insulin resistance) with risk of colorectal cancer in over 21,000 women in the Women's Health Initiative CVD Biomarkers subcohort. Women were cross-classified by BMI (18.

Serum glucose and insulin and risk of cancers of the breast, endometrium, and ovary in postmenopausal women.

Limited evidence suggests that hyperinsulinemia may contribute to the risk of breast, endometrial, and, possibly, ovarian cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the association of serum glucose and insulin with risk of these cancers in postmenopausal women, while taking into account potential confounding and modifying factors. We studied 21 103 women with fasting baseline insulin and glucose measurements in a subsample of the Women's Health Initiative.

Serum lipids and risk of obesity-related cancers in postmenopausal women.

Purpose: Obesity, which is commonly accompanied by dyslipidemia, is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers. However, the association of serum lipids with specific obesity-related cancers is unclear.

Methods: We examined the association of baseline lipids (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and triglycerides) with risk of developing seven obesity-related cancers in a subcohort of 24,208 participants in the Women's Health Initiative.

Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women.

Obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have both been linked to increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer; however, their relative contributions are poorly understood. We examined the association of metabolic phenotypes of obesity defined by presence of the MetS (yes and no) and body mass index (BMI; normal, overweight, obese) with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a prospective analysis of a cohort of postmenopausal women ( ∼ 21,000) with baseline measurements of blood glucose, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, waist circumference, and BMI. Women were classified into 6 metabolic obesity phenotypes according to their BMI (18.

Taking distrust of science seriously: To overcome public distrust in science, scientists need to stop pretending that there is a scientific consensus on controversial issues when there is not.

Scientific disputes on controversial issues – from endocrine disrupting chemicals to climate change – risk increasing public distrust in science if scientists pretend that there is a consensus when in fact there is not. [Image: see text]

Reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use, and risk of pancreatic cancer in postmenopausal women.

Introduction: The epidemiologic literature on menstrual and reproductive factors associated with pancreatic cancer has yielded weak and inconsistent evidence of an association. Furthermore, few cohort studies have examined the association of exogenous hormone use, including type and duration, with this disease. The aim of this study was to assess the association of these exposures with risk of pancreatic cancer in a large cohort of postmenopausal women.

White Blood Cell Count and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in the Women's Health Initiative.

White blood cell (WBC) count appears to predict total mortality and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, but it is unclear to what extent the association reflects confounding by smoking, underlying illness, or comorbid conditions. We used data from the Women's Health Initiative to examine the associations of WBC count with total mortality, CHD mortality, and cancer mortality. WBC count was measured at baseline in 160,117 postmenopausal women and again in year 3 in 74,375 participants.

Platelet count and total and cause-specific mortality in the Women's Health Initiative.

Purpose: We used data from the Women's Health Initiative to examine the association of platelet count with total mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, cancer mortality, and non-CHD/noncancer mortality.

Methods: Platelet count was measured at baseline in 159,746 postmenopausal women and again in year 3 in 75,339 participants. Participants were followed for a median of 15.

Risk of Recurrence and Mortality in a Multi-Ethnic Breast Cancer Population.

Background: Compared to non-Hispanic whites, African-American women tend to be diagnosed with breast cancer at an earlier age, to have less favorable tumor characteristics, and to have poorer outcomes from breast cancer. The extent to which differences in clinical characteristics account for the black/white disparity in breast cancer mortality is unclear. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the association of clinical, demographic, and treatment variables with total mortality and breast cancer recurrence by race/ethnicity in a cohort of women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer.

Smoking Habits and Body Weight Over the Adult Lifespan in Postmenopausal Women.

Introduction: The inter-relationships between smoking habits and weight gain are complex. However, few studies have examined the association of smoking habits with weight gain over the life course.

Methods: Major smoking parameters and weight gain over time were examined in a large cohort of postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years at enrollment between 1993 and 1998 (N=161,808) and followed through 2014 (analyses conducted in 2016).

Reproductive and menstrual factors and colorectal cancer incidence in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Background: Reproductive and menstrual factors have been evaluated as surrogates for long-term hormonal exposures in several prospective studies of colorectal cancer, yet findings have been conflicting.

Methods: The relation of reproductive and menstrual factors (self-reported via a reproductive history questionnaire) with incident colorectal cancer was investigated among women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS), a longitudinal cohort of 93 676 postmenopausal women (aged 50-79 years at enrolment) in which 1149 incident cases of colorectal cancer occurred over a median follow-up of 11.9 years.

Association of Hemoglobin Concentration With Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Cohort of Postmenopausal Women.

Anemia and low and high levels of hemoglobin have been associated with increased mortality and morbidity. However, most studies have measured hemoglobin at only 1 time point, and few studies have considered possible reverse causation. We used data from the Women's Health Initiative, in which baseline hemoglobin was measured in 160,081 postmenopausal women and year 3 hemoglobin was measured in 75,658 participants, to examine the associations of hemoglobin concentration with total mortality, coronary heart disease mortality, and cancer mortality.

Longitudinal association of hemostatic factors with risk for cancers of the breast, colorectum, and lung among postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to examine whether hemostatic factors associated with coagulation and inflammation pathways are associated with cancer risk in postmenopausal women. We used data from the Women's Health Initiative study to examine the association of plasma fibrinogen levels, factor VII antigen activity, and factor VII concentration measured at baseline and during follow-up with the risk for cancers of the breast, colorectum, and lung. Among 5287 women who were followed up for a median of 11.

Adherence to cancer prevention guidelines and cancer incidence, cancer mortality, and total mortality: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Several health agencies have issued guidelines promoting behaviors to reduce chronic disease risk; however, little is known about the impact of such guidelines, particularly on cancer incidence.

Objective: The objective was to determine whether greater adherence to the American Cancer Society (ACS) cancer prevention guidelines is associated with a reduction in cancer incidence, cancer mortality, and total mortality.

Design: The NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, a prospective cohort study of 566,401 adults aged 50-71 y at recruitment in 1995-1996, was followed for a median of 10.

Breast cancer risk in metabolically healthy but overweight postmenopausal women.

Adiposity is an established risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. Recent data suggest that high insulin levels in overweight women may play a major role in this relationship, due to insulin's mitogenic/antiapoptotic activity. However, whether overweight women who are metabolically healthy (i.

Optimal cutoffs of obesity measures in relation to cancer risk in postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Study.

Background: Obesity is a risk factor for several cancers in postmenopausal women. We attempted to determine cutoffs of adiposity measures in relation to risk of obesity-related cancers among postmenopausal women and to examine the effects of hormone therapy (HT) use on the cutoffs, neither of which has been broadly studied.

Methods: We used data from the Women's Health Initiative cohort (n=144,701) and applied Cox-proportional hazards regressions to each combination of 17 cancer types and 6 anthropometric measures (weight, body mass index [BMI], weight to height ratio, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio [WHR], and waist to height ratio).

Longitudinal association of anthropometric measures of adiposity with cardiometabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women.

Purpose: Some studies suggest that anthropometric measures of abdominal obesity may be superior to body mass index (BMI) for the prediction of cardiometabolic risk factors; however, most studies have been cross-sectional. Our aim was to prospectively examine the association of change in BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), and waist circumference-to-height ratio (WCHtR) with change in markers of cardiometabolic risk in a population of postmenopausal women.

Methods: We used a subsample of participants in the Women's Health Initiative aged 50 to 79 years at entry with available fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements obtained at multiple time points over 12.