The role of transcriptional and epigenetic modifications in astrogliogenesis.

Astrocytes are widely distributed and play a critical role in the central nervous system (CNS) of the human brain. During the development of CNS, astrocytes provide essential nutritional and supportive functions for neural cells and are involved in their metabolism and pathological processes. Despite the numerous studies that have reported on the regulation of astrogliogenesis at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels, there is a paucity of literature that provides a comprehensive summary of the key factors influencing this process.

VEGF165b mutant can be used as a protein carrier to form a chimeric tumor vaccine with Mucin1 peptide to elicit an anti-tumor response.

Peptide-based anticancer vaccines have shown some efficacy in generating cancer-specific immune responses in various cancer studies, but clinical success is limited, one of the reasons is due to its prone degradation and weak immunogenicity. So some tumor epitope peptide vaccines often require coupling or forming fusion proteins with corresponding protein carriers to enhance their stability and immunogenicity. Given the scarcity of validated carriers for clinical trials, there is an urgent requirement for the development of novel protein carrier.

Astaxanthin ameliorates dopaminergic neuron damage in paraquat-induced SH-SY5Y cells and mouse models of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second largest neurodegenerative disorder caused by the decreased number of dopaminergic (DAc) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). There is evidence that oxidative stress can contribute degeneration of DAc neurons in SNpc which is mainly caused by apoptotic cell death. Thus, suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis of DAc neurons is an effective strategy to mitigate the progress of PD.

Iron-based and BRD-downregulated strategy for amplified ferroptosis based on pH-sensitive/NIR-II-boosted nano-matchbox.

Ferroptosis (FPT), a novel form of programmed cell death, is characterized by overwhelming iron/reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxidation (LPO). However, the insufficiency of endogenous iron and ROS level limited the FPT therapeutic efficacy to a large extent. To overcome this obstacle, the bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD)-inhibitor (+)-JQ1 (JQ1) and iron-supplement ferric ammonium citrate (FAC)-loaded gold nanorods (GNRs) are encapsulated into the zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) to form matchbox-like GNRs@JF/ZIF-8 for the amplified FPT therapy.

Effects of β-HgS on cell viability and intracellular oxidative stress in PC-12 cells.

Traditional Tibetan medicines containing β-HgS have been used to treat chronic ailments for thousands of years. However, there has recently been speculation regarding the safety of these medicines due to their high mercury content. Although the toxic effect of β-HgS has been previously investigated in vivo, the mechanism underlying the toxicity of this compound remains unclear.

Neurotoxicity of β-HgS differs from environmental mercury pollutants (MeHgCl and HgCl) in Neuro-2a cell.

β-HgS, differing from environmental mercury pollutants (MeHgCl and HgCl) in chemical form, is used as traditional medicine in Asian countries for thousands of years. In this study, Neuro-2a cells were exposed to β-HgS, MeHgCl and HgCl (5 µM) for 6-24 h. The cell viability of β-HgS was higher than MeHgCl with 25.

Hormesis of methylmercury-human serum albumin conjugate on N9 microglia via ERK/MAPKs and STAT3 signaling pathways.

Methylmercury (MeHg) is an extremely toxic organomercury cation that can induce severe neurological damage. Once it enters the body, methylmercury binds to amino acids or proteins containing free sulfhydryl groups. In particular, methylmercury is known to bind with human serum albumin (HSA) in human plasma; however, the effects of methylmercury-HSA conjugate (MeHg-HSA) on the central nervous system (CNS) are not fully understood.

[Dissolution, absorption and bioaccumulation in gastrointestinal tract of mercury in HgS-containing traditional medicines Cinnabar and Zuotai].

α-HgS is the main component of traditional Chinese medicine cinnabar, while β-HgS is the main component of Tibetan medicine Zuotai. However, there was no comparative study on the dissolution and absorption in gastrointestinal tract and bioaccumulation in organs of mercury in Cinnabar, Zuotai, α-HgS and β-HgS. In this study, the dissolution process of the four compounds in the human gastrointestinal tract was simulated to determine the mercury dissolutions and compare the mercury dissolution of different medicines and the dissolution-promoting capacity of different solutions.

Fermentation characteristics in stirred-tank reactor of exopolysaccharides with hypolipidemic activity produced by Pleurotus geesteranus 5#.

In this study, the hypolipidemic effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Pleurotus geesteranus 5# fermenting liquor by the optimal culture conditions in a 5-L stirred-tank reactor was investigated. The hypolipidemic effect of the polysaccharide, investigated in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice, decreased plasma glucose, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations by 17.1 %, 18.

Medium optimization, molecular characterization, and bioactivity of exopolysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii.

An optimal medium for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production was obtained through one-factor-at-a-time method and response surface methodology. Under optimal culture medium, the maximum EPS concentration in shake flask was 5.16 g/l.

Production, fractionation, characterization of extracellular polysaccharide from a newly isolated Trametes gibbosa and its hypoglycemic activity.

The submerged fermentation for extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production from Trametes gibbosa was optimized. An optimal medium for EPS production was obtained through central composite design (CCD) as follows: 53.12 g/L maltose and 4.

Production of extracellular polysaccharides by the medicinal mushroom Trametes trogii (higher Basidiomycetes) in stirred-tank and airlift reactors.

Extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) produced by submerged culture of Trametes trogii exhibit antioxidant and antitumor activities. In this study, mycelial growth and EPS production of T. trogii were investigated using optimal culture conditions (maltose [53.

Production, preliminary characterization, and bioactivities of exopolysaccharides from Pleurotus geesteranus 5(#).

The optimal culture conditions of exopolysaccharides (EPS) production in submerged culture medium by Pleurotus geesteranus 5(#) were determined using an orthogonal matrix method. The optimal defined medium (per liter) was 60.0 g maltose, 5.

Fermentation optimization, characterization and bioactivity of exopolysaccharides from Funalia trogii.

Optimization of culture conditions for exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Funalia trogii in submerged culture was investigated using one-factor-at-a-time method and uniform design (UD). Under the optimized conditions, the maximum concentration of EPS was 8.68 g/l.

Production, characterization and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides from submerged culture of Morchella crassipes.

The aim of this work was to investigate the fermentation optimization, molecular characterization, and antioxidant activity in vitro of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Morchella crassipes in submerged culture. Firstly, an optimal medium for EPS production was obtained by single-factor experiment and central composite design as follows: maltose 44.79 g/L and tryptone 4.

Production, purfication, molecular characterization and bioactivities of exopolysaccharides produced by the wine cap culinary-medicinal mushroom, Stropharia rugosoannulata 2# (higher Basidiomycetes).

The optimal culture conditions of exopolysaccharides (EPS) production in submerged culture medium by Stropharia rugosoannulata 2# were determined using the orthogonal matrix method. The optimal defined medium (per liter) was 60.0 g sucrose, 6.