Inhibitors of HIV-1 Nef: applications and developments for a practical cure.

Antiretroviral therapy can control human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in people living with HIV; however, these treatments are not curative and no practical approach for an HIV-1 cure has yet shown success in clinical trials. Counteracting the multiple barriers HIV-1 presents against a practical cure is a direct means to functionalize these curative approaches in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of the HIV-1 accessory protein, Nef, represents a particularly promising and ambitious approach, with Nef inhibitors holding the potential to reverse HIV-1-related defects in T cell receptor and kinase signaling, apoptosis, autophagy and most importantly, antigen presentation.

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Résumé La thérapie anti-rétrovirale peut contrôler la réplication du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) chez les individus vivant avec le VIH. Par contre, ces traitements ne constituent pas une guérison et aucune approche pour une guérison du VIH-1 n'a encore montré de succès lors des études cliniques. Les approches de guérison sont souvent contrées in vivo par des barrières développées par le VIH-1.

Deployment of fingertip forces in tactile exploration.

The purpose of this study was to examine how contact forces normal to the skin surface and shear forces tangential to the skin surface are deployed during tactile exploration of a smooth surface in search of a tactile target. Six naive subjects participated in two experiments. In the first experiment, the subjects were asked to explore a series of unseen smooth plastic surfaces by using the index finger to search for either a raised or recessed target.