Assessing benthic invertebrate vulnerability to ocean acidification and de-oxygenation in California: The importance of effective oceanographic monitoring networks.

Greenhouse gas emissions from land-use change, fossil fuel, agriculture, transportation, and electricity sectors expose marine ecosystems to overlapping environmental stressors. Existing climate vulnerability assessment methods analyze the frequency of extreme conditions but often minimally consider how environmental data gaps hinder assessments. Here, we show an approach that assesses vulnerability and the uncertainty introduced by monitoring data gaps, using a case study of ocean acidification and deoxygenation in coastal California.