[Pertussis worldwide. Vaccinating children and adults].

Pertussis (whooping cough) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in infants world-wide, and continues to be a public health concern despite high vaccination coverage. The disease, caused by bacterium is present in all countries. Before vaccines became widely available in the 1950s, pertussis was one of the most common childhood diseases worldwide.

Antimicrobial treatment of diarrhea/acute gastroenteritis in children.

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) are usually caused by viruses, especially Rotavirus and Norovirus. Among the bacterial causes, very few warrant antibiotic treatment, mainly Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter (only for severe cases, particularly in the initial phase) and severe cases of Salmonella infection. The antimicrobial treatments proposed in this guide follow the latest guidelines of the European Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.

Recovery from childhood community-acquired pneumonia in a developing country: Prognostic value of serum procalcitonin.

Background: Childhood community-acquired pneumonia is a common and potentially life-threatening illness in developing countries. We assessed the prognostic value of serum procalcitonin level upon admission on clinical response to antibiotic treatment.

Methods: Out of 89 patients, the median (IQR) age was 19(12-29) months and 60% were boys.

Clinical severity and molecular characteristics of circulating and emerging rotaviruses in young children attending hospital emergency departments in France.

Group A rotavirus (RVA) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. A prospective surveillance network has been set up to investigate the virological and clinical features of RVA infections and to detect the emergence of potentially epidemic strains in France. From 2009 to 2014, RVA-positive stool samples were collected from 4800 children <5 years old attending the paediatric emergency units of 16 large hospitals.

[Safety of oral ivermectin in children].

Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug, a derivate of avermectins, and a product of fermentation of an actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis. Its structure associates two avermectins. Ivermectin acts on the chloride-dependent channels of both glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid, interrupting neurotransmission in invertebrates.

Markers of a recent bocavirus infection in children with Kawasaki disease: "a year prospective study".

Background: Retrospective studies and case-reports have suggested the possible role of various viruses in the pathogenesis of the Kawasaki disease.

Objectives: To determine prospectively the incidence of Kawasaki diseases associated with a recent bocavirus infection in the course of a year.

Study Design: Thirty-two children with Kawasaki disease were enrolled in a 13 months prospective study to assess the frequency of human bocavirus type 1 infections.

Invasive pneumococcal disease in children can reveal a primary immunodeficiency.

Background: About 10% of pediatric patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) die from the disease. Some primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are known to confer predisposition to IPD. However, a systematic search for these PIDs has never been carried out in children presenting with IPD.

European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: update 2014.

Objectives: These guidelines update and extend evidence-based indications for the management of children with acute gastroenteritis in Europe.

Methods: The guideline development group formulated questions, identified data, and formulated recommendations. The latter were graded with the Muir Gray system and, in parallel, with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations system.

Association of procalcitonin with acute pyelonephritis and renal scars in pediatric UTI.

Background And Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common childhood bacterial infections that may involve renal parenchymal infection (acute pyelonephritis [APN]) followed by late scarring. Prompt, high-quality diagnosis of APN and later identification of children with scarring are important for preventing future complications. Examination via dimercaptosuccinic acid scanning is the current clinical gold standard but is not routinely performed.

Risk factors associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae carriage at admission in an infant cohort at a tertiary teaching hospital in France.

We describe risk factors associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae fecal carriage at admission in an infant population. 12.6% were carrying extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

[Escherichia coli, a pathogen under fire from the news].

Escherichia coli is both a gastrointestinal tract commensal and a major pathogen. In recent years, E. coli is under fire from the news due to a better understanding of pathogenic factors, outbreaks of infections caused by enterohaemorrhagic strains, and last but not least, the worrying development of antibiotic resistance.

[Counsel for traveling children].

Consultation of child traveler has two main objectives: to assess of health risk related to the child's health status and history and also the risk related to travel environment; to counsel and prescribe preventive measure to reduce these travel health risks. The evaluation is based on physical examination and a detailed interview including personal history and information regarding the regions of proposed travel. Up to date knowledge of the epidemiology of visited sites, preventive measures and presumptive treatment is required.

Impact of travel on the seroprevalence of hepatitis A in children.

Background: Recent data about hepatitis A virus (HAV) seroprevalence in industrialized countries and the impact of travels to endemic areas are sparse or absent, particularly for children.

Objective: To determine the impact of travel to endemic areas on HAV seroprevalence and estimate the overall HAV seroprevalence in children in France. To identify risk factors for positive HAV serologic results.

Risk associated with a systematic search of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

We evaluated 74 children with previous fecal extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization who were hospitalized and receiving a course of antibiotic therapy for suspected infection. Sixty-four patients (86.5%) received a carbapenem agent.

[Anti-meningococcal vaccines: diversity of vaccination policies and recommendations].

In European Country, Canada, Australia and Brazil immunization program with conjugate meningococcal C, including universal vaccination of infants or toddlers, with a catch-up program up to 19 y in several areas, have been successful in reducing disease incidence through direct and indirect protection. In USA, quadrivalent conjugate vaccines targeting serogroups ACYW135 are used in programs of adolescent immunization at 10 and 15 years because serotype Y is frequent. A mass immunization campaign against serogroupe A disease with a conjugate vaccine is beginning in African belt of meningitis.

Procalcitonin predicts response to beta-lactam treatment in hospitalized children with community-acquired pneumonia.

Background: Antibiotic treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children remains mostly empirical because clinical and paraclinical findings poorly discriminate the principal causes of CAP. Fast response to beta-lactam treatment can be considered a proxy of pneumococcal aetiology. We aimed to identify the best biological predictor of response to beta-lactam therapy in children hospitalized for CAP.

Prediction of high-grade vesicoureteral reflux after pediatric urinary tract infection: external validation study of procalcitonin-based decision rule.

Background: Predicting vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) ≥3 at the time of the first urinary tract infection (UTI) would make it possible to restrict cystography to high-risk children. We previously derived the following clinical decision rule for that purpose: cystography should be performed in cases with ureteral dilation and a serum procalcitonin level ≥0.17 ng/mL, or without ureteral dilatation when the serum procalcitonin level ≥0.

Prediction of moderate and high grade vesicoureteral reflux after a first febrile urinary tract infection in children: construction and internal validation of a clinical decision rule.

Purpose: Urinary tract infection leads to a diagnosis of moderate or high grade (III or higher) vesicoureteral reflux in approximately 15% of children. Predicting reflux grade III or higher would make it possible to restrict cystography to high risk cases. We aimed to derive a clinical decision rule to predict vesicoureteral reflux grade III or higher in children with a first febrile urinary tract infection.

[Anti-hepatitis A virus seropositivity in children of immigrant parents living in France and vaccination recommendations].

The hepatitis A-seropositivity rate for children born in France is very low: 0 of 81 born to two French-born parents and 5 of 126 (4 %) infants for whom at least one parent was born in an endemic area. In contrast, the rate was high (28.8 %, 17/59) for children born in an endemic area.