Aging and Autophagy: Roles in Musculoskeletal System Injury.

Aging is a multifactorial process that ultimately leads to a decline in physiological function and a consequent reduction in the health span, and quality of life in elderly population. In musculoskeletal diseases, aging is often associated with a gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, resulting in reduced functional capacity and an increased risk of chronic metabolic diseases, leading to impaired function and increased mortality. Autophagy is a highly conserved physiological process by which cells, under the regulation of autophagy-related genes, degrade their own organelles and large molecules by lysosomal degradation.

Inhibition of fibroblast activation protein ameliorates cartilage matrix degradation and osteoarthritis progression.

Fibroblast activation protein (Fap) is a serine protease that degrades denatured type I collagen, α2-antiplasmin and FGF21. Fap is highly expressed in bone marrow stromal cells and functions as an osteogenic suppressor and can be inhibited by the bone growth factor Osteolectin (Oln). Fap is also expressed in synovial fibroblasts and positively correlated with the severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Three-Dimensional Tendon Scaffold Loaded with Gene Silencing Plasmid Prevents Tendon Adhesion and Promotes Tendon Repair.

Tendon adhesion formation is associated with the aberrant expression of many genes, and interfering with the expression of these genes can prevent adhesion and promote tendon repair. Recent studies have found that silencing the transforming growth factor β-1 () gene can reduce the occurrence of tendon adhesions. The development of tissue engineering and three-dimensional (3D) printing technology have provided new solutions for tendon repair.

Lateral to medial fibro-adipogenic degeneration are greater in infraspinatus than supraspinatus following nerve and tendon injury of murine rotator cuff.

Small animal models of massive tears of the rotator cuff (RC) were introduced a decade ago and have been extensively used to study the pathophysiology of chronically injured RC. Transection of rodent suprascapular nerve and RC tendon results in progressive muscle atrophy, fibrosis and fat accumulation and affect the infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles similarly to that seen in the setting of massive RC tears in humans. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the kinetics of fibrotic scar and adipose tissue development comparing phenotypic differences between chronically injured infraspinatus and supraspinatus.

FGF6 enhances muscle regeneration after nerve injury by relying on ERK1/2 mechanism.

Background: Severe peripheral nerve injury leads to skeletal muscle atrophy and impaired limb function that is not sufficiently improved by existing treatments. Fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF6) is involved in tissue regeneration and is dysregulated in denervated rat muscles. However, the way that FGF6 affects skeletal muscle repair after peripheral nerve injury has not been fully elucidated.

Effect of different fusion types on kinematics of midfoot lateral column: a comparative biomechanical study.

Background: This study aimed to compare the biomechanical outcomes of the isolated 4 or 5 tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint arthrodesis with the whole lateral TMT joints arthrodesis.

Methods: Ten cadaveric lower legs underwent isolated 4 TMT joint arthrodesis, 5 TMT joint arthrodesis, and whole lateral TMT joints arthrodesis in sequence. Texson F-scan and K-scanTM joint sensor were used to test the medial and lateral plantar pressure and the pressure of calcaneocuboid joint.

Non-fibro-adipogenic pericytes from human embryonic stem cells attenuate degeneration of the chronically injured mouse muscle.

Massive tears of the rotator cuff (RC) are associated with chronic muscle degeneration due to fibrosis, fatty infiltration, and muscle atrophy. The microenvironment of diseased muscle often impairs efficient engraftment and regenerative activity of transplanted myogenic precursors. Accumulating myofibroblasts and fat cells disrupt the muscle stem cell niche and myogenic cell signaling and deposit excess disorganized connective tissue.

Comparative study of surgical and conservative treatments for fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures (type I) in young adults or athletes.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and complications of minimally invasive surgery in treating displaced avulsion fractures (2-3 mm) of fifth metatarsal base zone I in young adults or athletes.

Methods: Forty-six patients with displaced fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures were assigned to operative and nonoperative groups by randomization. Patients in nonoperative group were immobilized with plaster, while patients in operative group were treated with closed reduction and fixation with a percutaneous screw.

Relationship between changes in muscle fibers and CMAP in skeletal muscle with different stages of aging.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the changes of muscle fibers and the changesof peripheral nerve functions (CMAP) with aging.

Methods: Lewis rats enrolled in this study. Muscle biopsy and CMAP of tibialis anterior (TA) were measured.

Advances in the treatment of rotator cuff lesions by cytokines.

Rotator cuff tears are one of the most common shoulder problems that usually require operative treatments. Therapeutic options used to repair ruptured tendons have consisted of suture, autografts, allografts, and synthetic prostheses. Although surgical treatments have improved dramatically up to now, shoulder pathology is still challenging to orthopedic surgery primarily because these injuries often respond poorly to treatment and require prolonged rehabilitation.

[ADVANCE AND PROSPECT OF Lapidus OPERATION].

Unlabelled: OBJECTIVE To review the advance of the first tarsometatarsal joint fusion (Lapidus operation) in treating hallux valgus.

Methods: The relevant literature about Lapidus operations in recent years was reviewed and analyzed.

Results: Lapidus operation is used to correct deformities through three steps of osteotomy, fusion, and fixation.

Isolated avulsion fractures of lesser tuberosity humerus: a case report and review of the literature.

In this case, a 31 year-old female was diagnosed of isolated fractures of lesser tuberosity humerus. The patient could take early functional training of shoulder joint two days after operation. Although isolated fractures of lesser tuberosity humerus are rare, when pain of anterior shoulder joint after trauma, doctors should consider isolated fractures of lesser tuberosity humerus.