ITH12410/SC058: a new neuroprotective compound with potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

The neuroprotective profile of the dibenzothiadiazepine ITH12410/SC058 (2-chloro-5,6-dihydro-5,6-diacetyldibenzo[b,f][1,4,5]thiadiazepine) against several neurotoxicity models related to neurodegenerative diseases is herein described. ITH12410/SC058 protected SH-SY5Y cells against the loss of cell viability elicited by amyloid beta peptide and okadaic acid, a selective inhibitor of phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A that induces neurofibrillary tangle formation. Furthermore, ITH12410/SC058 is neuroprotective against several in vitro models of oxidative stress, that is, H2O2 exposure or incubation with rotenone plus oligomycin A in SH-SY5Y cells, and oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation in rat hippocampal slices.

Dibenzo[1,4,5]thiadiazepine: a hardly-known heterocyclic system with neuroprotective properties of potential usefulness in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

In this work we describe a new family of dibenzo[1,4,5]thiadiazepines (2-12) that showed an interesting in vitro biological profile, namely neuroprotective and antioxidant properties, as well as blockade of cytosolic calcium entry. They showed no cytotoxic effects and the majority were predicted as CNS-permeable compounds. In human neuroblastoma cells they displayed good neuroprotective properties against mitochondrial oxidative stress which, in many cases, almost reached the full protection (>90%) when compounds were incubated with cells 24 h before the addition of toxic stressors.

Huprine-tacrine heterodimers as anti-amyloidogenic compounds of potential interest against Alzheimer's and prion diseases.

A family of huprine-tacrine heterodimers has been developed to simultaneously block the active and peripheral sites of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Their dual site binding for AChE, supported by kinetic and molecular modeling studies, results in a highly potent inhibition of the catalytic activity of human AChE and, more importantly, in the in vitro neutralization of the pathological chaperoning effect of AChE toward the aggregation of both the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and a prion peptide with a key role in the aggregation of the prion protein. Huprine-tacrine heterodimers take on added value in that they display a potent in vitro inhibitory activity toward human butyrylcholinesterase, self-induced Aβ aggregation, and β-secretase.

N-acylaminophenothiazines: neuroprotective agents displaying multifunctional activities for a potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

We have previously reported the multifunctional profile of N-(3-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propanamide (1) as an effective neuroprotectant and selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor. In this paper, we have developed a series of N-acylaminophenothiazines obtained from our compound library or newly synthesised. At micro- and sub-micromolar concentrations, these compounds selectively inhibited butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), protected neurons against damage caused by both exogenous and mitochondrial free radicals, showed low toxicity, and could penetrate into the CNS.

Old phenothiazine and dibenzothiadiazepine derivatives for tomorrow's neuroprotective therapies against neurodegenerative diseases.

From an in-house library of compounds, five phenothiazines and one dibenzothiadiazepine were selected to be tested in neuroprotective and cholinergic assays. Three of them, derived from the N-alkylphenothiazine, the N-acylaminophenothiazine, and the 1,4,5-dibenzo[b,f]thiadiazepine system, protected human neuroblastoma cells against oxidative stress generated by both exogenous and mitochondrial free radicals. They could also penetrate the CNS, according to an in vitro blood-brain barrier model, and an N-acylaminophenothiazine derivative behaved as a selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase.

Novel tacrine-8-hydroxyquinoline hybrids as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, with neuroprotective, cholinergic, antioxidant, and copper-complexing properties.

Tacrine and PBT2 (an 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative) are well-known drugs that inhibit cholinesterases and decrease beta-amyloid (Abeta) levels by complexation of redox-active metals, respectively. In this work, novel tacrine-8-hydroxyquinoline hybrids have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential multifunctional drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. At nano- and subnanomolar concentrations they inhibit human acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BuChE), being more potent than tacrine.

Neuroprotective and cholinergic properties of multifunctional glutamic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Novel multifunctional compounds have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). With an L-glutamic moiety as a suitable biocompatible linker, three pharmacophoric groups were joined: (1) an N-benzylpiperidine fragment selected to inhibit acetylcholinesterase by interacting with the catalytic active site (CAS), (2) an N-protecting group of the amino acid, capable of interacting with the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-peripheral anionic site (PAS) and protecting neurons against oxidative stress, and (3) a lipophilic alkyl ester that would facilitate penetration into the central nervous system by crossing the blood-brain barrier. At submicromolar concentration, they inhibit AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) of human origin, displace the binding of propidium iodide from the PAS of AChE, and could thus inhibit Abeta aggregation promoted by AChE.

Tacrine-melatonin hybrids as multifunctional agents for Alzheimer's disease, with cholinergic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties.

Tacrine-melatonin hybrids were designed and synthesized as new multifunctional drug candidates for Alzheimer's disease. These compounds may simultaneously palliate intellectual deficits and protect the brain against both beta-amyloid (A beta) peptide and oxidative stress. They show improved cholinergic and antioxidant properties, and are more potent and selective inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) than tacrine.