Olfactory Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents-A Diagnostic Pathway.

Olfactory disorders have so far played a subordinate role in pediatric care, although children can also be affected. Due to a lack of awareness, the diagnosis can often only be made after numerous visits to the doctor, although it can significantly impact the quality of life. Olfactory disorders in adults are usually acquired, while congenital causes dominate in children.

Olfactory stimulation in newborns: Regional differences in cerebral oxygenation.

Background: The sense of smell is fully developed in newborns and plays an important role in their early development. There are several approaches to studying olfactory processing in the newborn brain, including EEG, fMRI, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Understanding the processing of olfactory stimuli in the newborn brain is of fundamental importance for the development of supportive therapeutic odorant delivery, e.

Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin for Postinfectious Olfactory Disorders: How Clinically Meaningful Is Its Effect?

Introduction: The prevalence of post-viral olfactory dysfunction has increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, posing a major challenge for patients and practitioners. While olfactory training (OT) is a common approach to therapy, there has been increasing interest in supplementing therapy with a combination of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and luteolin (LUT), which are known for their anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, their efficacy in the treatment of patients with olfactory loss following upper respiratory tract infections, mainly COVID-19, was investigated in an outpatient clinic.

Olfactory function after mild traumatic brain injury in children-a longitudinal case control study.

The prevalence of posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction in children after mild traumatic brain injury ranges from 3 to 58%, with potential factors influencing this variation, including traumatic brain injury severity and assessment methods. This prospective longitudinal study examines the association between mild traumatic brain injury and olfactory dysfunction in children. Seventy-five pediatric patients with mild traumatic brain injury and an age-matched healthy control group were enrolled.

Smelling of the mothers' diet in amniotic fluid by adult noses.

In this study, the transfer of odorants, namely vanilla, and garlic, into the amniotic fluid (AF) during the second trimester was investigated by examination of collected AF samples through healthy adults. Eleven AF samples were collected from pregnant women (aged 32.9 ± 4.

qU-Sniff - the development of a short version of the Universal "Sniffin' Sticks" test.

Objectives: Extensive olfactory testing is sparsely applied in pediatric patients in clinical routine especially because of its time taking nature. Therefore a 5-item odor identification test (quick "U-Sniff", "qU-Sniff") from the 12-item "U-Sniff" test was developed.

Methods: A total of 724 normosmic children between 6 and 17 years of age, divided in four age groups, were included in this retrospective study.

Vanilla odor promotes oral feeding in premature infants-A randomized controlled trial.

Propose: Introducing early oral feeding in premature infants is important because it supports intestinal maturation and helps prevent infections. In addition, early oral feeding is likely to contribute to improved neurocognitive outcomes in preterm infants. Several holistic therapeutic strategies have been developed to improve feeding skills, food tolerance, and the ability to drink independently, including practices such as early breastfeeding, oral stimulation, and subsequent olfactory stimulation.

Olfactory training effects in children after mild traumatic brain injury.

Objective: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) might impair the sense of smell and cognitive functioning. Repeated, systematic exposure to odors, i.e.

Genetics of congenital olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review of the literature.

Olfaction, as one of our 5 senses, plays an important role in our daily lives. It is connected to proper nutrition, social interaction, and protection mechanisms. Disorders affecting this sense consequently also affect the patients' general quality of life.

Hedonic perception of odors in children aged 5-8 years is similar across 18 countries: Preliminary data.

Objective: Olfactory preference emerges very early in life, and the sense of smell in children rapidly develops until the second decade of life. It is still unclear whether hedonic perception of odors is shared in children inhabiting different regions of the globe.

Methods: Five-hundred ten healthy children (N = 510; n = 256; n = 254) aged from 5 to 8 years from 18 countries rated the pleasantness of 17 odors.

Central Nervous System-Infiltrating T Lymphocytes in Stroke Are Activated via Their TCR (T-Cell Receptor) but Lack CD25 Expression.

Background And Purpose: T lymphocytes contribute to secondary brain damage after stroke. It has not been fully investigated whether this contribution is caused by antigen-specific or antigen-nonspecific activation of T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from Nur77GFP transgenic mice express a fluorescent protein upon activation via the TCR (T-cell receptor), allowing the differentiation of activation mode in a natural repertoire of immune cells and antigens.

Assessment of Olfactory Function in Children and Adolescents: An Overview.

Valid and reliable tools for assessing olfactory function are necessary for the diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction. Olfactory testing can be challenging in a pediatric population due to shorter attention span, linguistic development, and lower olfactory experience in this age group. The aim of this article is to present an overview about olfactory tests that are suitable for a pediatric population.

Central Nervous System Processing of Floral Odor and Mother's Milk Odor in Infants.

Newborns have a functioning sense of smell at birth, which appears to be highly significant for feeding and bonding. Still, little is known about the cerebral odor processing in this age group. Studies of olfactory function relied mostly on behavioral, autonomic, and facial responses of infants.

Odor identification performance in children using the "U-Sniff" test - Administered by an untrained person.

Objective: The examination of olfactory function of patients with psychophysical olfactory tests such as the "Sniffin' Stick" test is a central component of any olfactory clinical diagnostics and clinical trials. Because olfactory disorders can also occur in childhood, reliable, valid and time-efficient olfactory tests are important. With the "U-Sniff", a child-friendly odor identification test that has already been sufficiently validated is available The aim of this study was to investigate whether untrained persons (e.

The Influence of Cognitive Parameters on Olfactory Assessment in Healthy Children and Adolescents.

Olfactory threshold and odor identification tests are frequently used for assessment of olfactory function in children and adolescents. Whether olfactory test results are influenced by cognitive parameters or sex in children and adolescents is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cognition, age and sex on "Sniffin' Sticks" olfactory threshold and "U-Sniff" odor identification performance in a pediatric population.

Corrigendum: Clinical Improvement Following Stroke Promptly Reverses Post-stroke Cellular Immune Alterations.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.

Odor identification performance in children aged 3-6 years.

Background: While valid and reliable olfactory tests have been developed for children aged >5 years, olfactory testing has not systematically been evaluated in younger children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the "U-Sniff" odor identification test in children aged 3-6 years.

Methods: We included 160 healthy children (age range 3-6 years) and 14 congenitally anosmic children.

Clozapine modulates retinoid homeostasis in human brain and normalizes serum retinoic acid deficit in patients with schizophrenia.

The atypical antipsychotic clozapine is one of the most potent drugs of its class, yet its precise mechanisms of action remain insufficiently understood. Recent evidence points toward the involvement of endogenous retinoic acid (RA) signaling in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Here we investigated whether clozapine may modulate RA-signaling.

Influence of chronic diseases on the olfactory function in children.

The association between smell impairment and chronic diseases has been reported in some studies in adults. Such information is not available for chronic diseases in children. The aim of this study was to examine olfactory function of children with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 1, hypothyroidism, and bronchial asthma in combination with allergic rhinitis in comparison to healthy controls.

Clinical Improvement Following Stroke Promptly Reverses Post-stroke Cellular Immune Alterations.

Stroke induces immediate profound alterations of the peripheral immune system rendering patients more susceptible to post-stroke infections. The precise mechanisms maintaining stroke-induced immune alterations (SIIA) remain unknown. High-Mobility-Group-Protein B1 (HMGB-1) is elevated for at least 7 days post-stroke and has been suggested to mediate SIIA.

Normative data for olfactory threshold and odor identification in children and adolescents.

Objective: Although previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility and validity of olfactory testing in children and adolescents using the "Sniffin' Sticks" odor threshold and "U-Sniff" odor identification test, normative data obtained in a large sample for these tests are missing. Aim of this study was therefore to obtain normative data of healthy children and adolescents for olfactory assessment.

Material And Methods: Olfactory testing was conducted using the "Sniffin' Sticks" olfactory threshold (THR) and the 12-item "U-Sniff" odor identification (ID) test.