Improving Access to Hygiene, Sanitation, and Drinking Water in King County and Beyond: Success Factors and Costs.

Context: Most major urban areas in the US, including Seattle and King County, have a long-standing lack of public restrooms, handwashing stations, and drinking water, presenting public health risks.

Objective: To aid decision-makers in expanding access, we review available information regarding successful hygiene programs in urban settings to identify shared characteristics and costs.

Design: We reviewed 10 journal articles, 49 news articles, and 54 pieces of gray literature including reports, white papers, and online resources describing real-world hygiene, sanitation, and drinking water programs in US and global urban settings.

Anomalous conductance in electrolyte solutions: a potentiometric and conductometric study of the dissociation of moderately strong acids.

Properties of the associated forms of five moderately strong acids in aqueous solution (trichloro-, trifluoro-, chlorodifluoro-, and dichloroacetic acids) and sulfamic acid are studied by potentiometric and conductometric methods. Conductometric estimates of the acidity constants for the haloacetic acids are substantially different from the pH potentiometric values. However, the conductometric and pH potentiometric estimates of the acidity constants for sulfamic acid are in agreement.

Tendon transfer for rupture of the extensor pollicis longus.

Reviewing the history and etiology of extensor pollicis longus tendon rupture shows the most compelling mechanism of rupture apparently is interruption of the tendon's vascularity secondary to hemorrhage and pressure, which causes the damaged tendon to be more susceptible to rupture secondary to late ischemic necrosis and attrition. Treatment options tried have included direct repair, tendon grafting, and tendon transfer. The authors recommend the extensor indicis proprius tendon transfer as the most predictable procedure to restore the original function of the EPL.

Biases in summary statistics of slopes and intercepts in linear regression with errors in both variables.

Monte Carlo simulations are employed to investigate the bias in linear regression parameters for cases in which both variables are subject to normally distributed errors. Both homoscedastic and heteroscedastic errors are treated. The results show that, in general, the arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and angle mean (tangent of the mean of the arctangents) of the slopes are biased and non-normally distributed.

Application of nonparametric statistics to the estimation of the accuracy of Monte Carlo confidence intervals in regression analysis.

Confidence intervals and their uncertainties for nonlinear regression parameters are obtained using nonparametric statistical methods. The confidence intervals are calculated by means of a Monte Carlo procedure. Their uncertainties depend on the confidence level desired and on the number of Monte Carlo simulations of the data set.

Popular and unpopular children's interactions during cooperative and competitive peer group activities.

Popular and unpopular fourth-grade boys were videotaped as each attempted to gain entry into a cooperative and a competitive task involving two classmates who were average in popularity. During the competitive procedure, the unpopular entry children were more likely than their popular counterparts to break rules, emit silly noises, and appeal to authority. Children average in popularity directed more positive behaviors toward their well-liked classmates and more derisive and dominating behavior toward unpopular peers.

Musculoskeletal manifestations of Lyme disease in children.

Lyme disease, caused by a tick-transmitted spirochete, has significant musculoskeletal manifestations in children as well as in adults. A series of 23 children with Lyme disease is examined. Acute arthritis was present in five cases, with the knee being involved in three of these cases.

Ipsilateral intertrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures. Four patients treated by one technique.

Concomitant intertrochanteric and diaphyseal fracture of the femur is an uncommon injury that is probably best managed by open reduction and internal fixation as soon as the patient is hemodynamically stable. Four cases are presented in which rigid fixation of both fractures allowed early mobilization of the patient, facilitating nursing care and allowing rapid rehabilitation. Use of the sliding compression screw with a long side plate, although technically demanding, achieved rigid fixation with compression at both fracture sites.

Cycloamylose complexation of adamantane derivatives.

Spectrophotometric and pH potentiometric studies indicate that cyclohexaamylose (alpha-cyclodextrin) and cycloheptaamylose (beta-cyclodextrin) form aqueous complexes with all adamantane derivatives examined to date. Thermodynamic complex formation constants are reported for the substrates 1-adamantaneamine (amantadine), 1-adamantaneammonium ion, 1-adamantanemethylamine, 1-adamantane-methylammonium ion, 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid, 1-adamantane-carboxylate ion, 1-adamantaneacetic acid and 1-adamantaneacetate ion. The existence of these complexes implies that cycloamylose might serve as a therapeutic sequestering agent for adamantane derivatives.