Finding the E-channel proton loading sites by calculating the ensemble of protonation microstates.

The aerobic electron transfer chain builds a proton gradient by proton coupled electron transfer reactions through a series of proteins. Complex I is the first enzyme in the sequence. Here transfer of two electrons from NADH to quinone yields four protons pumped from the membrane N- (negative, higher pH) side to the P- (positive, lower pH) side.

Computing the Relative Affinity of Chlorophylls and to Light-Harvesting Complex II.

In plants and algae, the primary antenna protein bound to photosystem II is light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), a pigment-protein complex that binds eight chlorophyll (Chl) molecules and six Chl molecules. Chl and Chl differ only in that Chl has a methyl group (-CH) on one of its pyrrole rings, while Chl has a formyl group (-CHO) at that position. This blue-shifts the Chl absorbance relative to Chl .

BMP pathway regulation of insulin signaling components promotes lipid storage in Caenorhabditis elegans.

A small number of peptide growth factor ligands are used repeatedly in development and homeostasis to drive programs of cell differentiation and function. Cells and tissues must integrate inputs from these diverse signals correctly, while failure to do so leads to pathology, reduced fitness, or death. Previous work using the nematode C.

DBL-1/BMP Regulates Lipid Accumulation via Interaction with Insulin Signaling.

Metabolic homeostasis is coordinately controlled by diverse inputs. Understanding these regulatory networks is vital to combating metabolic disorders. The nematode has emerged as a powerful, genetically tractable model system for the discovery of lipid regulatory mechanisms.