Molecular Characterization of High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance among Species.

  are nosocomial pathogen. They can develop high-level resistance to aminoglycoside by producing aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs). In enterococci, high level resistance to aminoglycosides is mediated by acquisition of plasmid mediated genes encoding for aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs).

Plasmid-Mediated Fluoroquinolone Resistance in and .

  and are important pathogens in health care-associated infections. Fluoroquinolone resistance has emerged in these pathogens. In this study, we aimed to determine the occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants ( , , , , , and ) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the transmissibility of plasmid-borne resistance determinants in clinical isolates of and .

Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Isolates of e.

 Fluoroquinolones are widely used broad-spectrum antibiotics. Recently, increased rate of resistance to this antibiotic has been observed in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) mutation genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants in clinical isolates of ciprofloxacin-resistant K.