Assessment of response to PRRT including anatomical and molecular imaging as well as novel biomarkers.

Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is an effective treatment for both oncological and hormone control and is a widely accepted standard of care treatment for patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN). Its use is anticipated to increase significantly, and this demands accurate tools and paradigms to assess treatment response post PRRT. This article outlines the current role and future developments of anatomical, molecular imaging and biomarkers for response assessment to PRRT, highlighting the challenges and provides perspectives for the need to focus on a multimodality, multidisciplinary and individualised approach for patients with this complex heterogeneous disease.

Metabolic and magnetic resonance imaging: complementary modalities for the preoperative assessment of lateral pelvic lymph nodes in rectal cancer.

Background: The management of lateral pelvic lymph nodes for rectal cancer is a topical and controversial issue. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between lateral pelvic lymph node features on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) with oncological outcomes in patients with rectal cancer.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 284 patients with primary locally advanced rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant therapy and surgical resection with curative intent between January 2003 and Dec 2018 was undertaken.

Part 1: Imaging findings of common immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse effects.

Over the last decade or so, immunotherapy and in particular immune checkpoint inhibitors have become common in the treatment of numerous cancers and have revolutionised oncology. The unique mechanisms of these agents has resulted in novel tumour response patterns and also new drug-related toxicities, both of which can have specific findings on imaging. The widespread and increasing use of these agents means these findings are now encountered across many radiology practices beyond just specialist oncology units.

Part 2: Imaging findings of uncommon but important immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse effects.

Oncology care has significantly changed with the emergence of immunotherapy agents, in particular immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This has had an immediate effect on imaging, with different radiological tumour responses to treatment compared with conventional chemotherapies, and novel imaging findings due to complications caused by these agents (referred to as immune-related adverse effects, irAEs). Some of the more common irAEs may be familiar, but as the use of ICIs increases to a wider variety of cancers, these complications, and in particular, the less common irAEs, will be encountered more frequently on imaging.

Primary myelofibrosis: spectrum of imaging features and disease-related complications.

Primary myelofibrosis is a chronic clonal stem cell disorder that results in a build-up of marrow fibrosis and dysfunction, hypermetabolic states, and myeloid metaplasia. The clinical and radiological consequences can be quite diverse and range from the manifestations of osteosclerosis and extramedullary haematopoiesis to thrombohaemorrhagic complications from haemostatic dysfunction. In addition, there is the challenge of identifying less well-recognised sites of extramedullary haematopoiesis and their site-specific complications.

Atelectasis and mechanical ventilation mode during conservative oxygen therapy: A before-and-after study.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to assess the effect of a conservative oxygen therapy (COT) (target SpO2 of 90%-92%) on radiological atelectasis and mechanical ventilation modes.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of 105 intensive care unit patients from a pilot before-and-after study. The primary outcomes of this study were changes in atelectasis score (AS) of 555 chest radiographs assessed by radiologists blinded to treatment allocation and time to weaning from mandatory ventilation and first spontaneous ventilation trial (SVT).

Clinical applications of 3D T2-weighted MRI in pelvic imaging.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to illustrate clinical applications of 3D T2-weighted MRI in pelvic imaging. We review technical considerations of 3D T2-weighted MRI with clinical examples.

Conclusion: 3D T2-weighted MRI has been increasingly utilized for pelvic applications, including imaging of rectal cancer, prostate cancer, anorectal fistulas and the female pelvis.

Assessment of snared-loop technique when standard retrieval of inferior vena cava filters fails.

Purpose: To identify the success and complications related to a variant technique used to retrieve inferior vena cava filters when simple snare approach has failed.

Methods: A retrospective review of all Cook Günther Tulip filters and Cook Celect filters retrieved between July 2006 and February 2008 was performed. During this period, 130 filter retrievals were attempted.

Associations between glaucomatous visual field loss and participation in activities of daily living.

Purpose: This study investigated the association between visual field loss and participation in daily activities in individuals with glaucoma.

Methods: Seventy-nine patients were recruited from the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. Visual fields were assessed using the Esterman binocular visual field tests and participation in daily activities was assessed using the Impact of Vision Impairment (IVI) questionnaire.