Therapeutic efficacy of JNJ-49214698, an RSV fusion inhibitor, in RSV-infected neonatal lambs.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infection, hospitalization and death in infants worldwide. No fully effective RSV therapy using direct antivirals is marketed. Since clinical efficacy data from naturally infected patients for such antivirals are not available yet, animal studies are indispensable to predict therapeutic intervention.

Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Assay.

Agar gel immunodiffusion assay (AGID) is a laboratory test which detects specific antigen-antibody interactions by the development of visible precipitation lines in a semisolid matrix. Here we describe the preparation of agar gel plates, the method to test serum samples by AGID for the presence of EHDV antibodies, and the interpretation of test results. This test has known cross-reactivity to bluetongue antibodies; therefore positive samples by this assay require additional confirmatory testing; generally, its use should be limited to healthy animal attestations where required.

Experimental Seneca Valley virus infection in sows and their offspring.

Neonatal mortality has been increasingly reported on swine breeding farms experiencing swine idiopathic vesicular disease (SIVD) outbreaks, which can be accompanied by lethargy, diarrhea, and neurologic signs in neonates. Seneca Valley Virus (SVV), or Senecavirus A, has been detected in clinical samples taken from pigs with SIVD. Experimental SVV inoculation has caused vesicular disease in pigs, particularly during the stages from weaning to finishing.

Outbreak of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in captive reindeer ().

In September 2020, an outbreak of epizootic hemorrhagic disease occurred in captive reindeer () and was associated with neurological signs and mortality. Four reindeer died or were euthanized after acute illness over a 12-day period. Affected reindeer displayed abnormal behavior, neurologic signs, lethargy, and/or lameness.

Impacts of dietary exposure to pesticides on faecal microbiome metabolism in adult twins.

Background: Dietary habits have a profound influence on the metabolic activity of gut microorganisms and their influence on health. Concerns have been raised as to whether the consumption of foodstuffs contaminated with pesticides can contribute to the development of chronic disease by affecting the gut microbiome. We performed the first pesticide biomonitoring survey of the British population, and subsequently used the results to perform the first pesticide association study on gut microbiome composition and function from the TwinsUK registry.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Liver Indicates Novel Vaccine to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Virus Promotes Homeostasis in T-Cell and Inflammatory Immune Responses Compared to a Commercial Vaccine in Pigs.

One of the largest impediments for commercial swine production is the presence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), a devastating RNA viral infection that is responsible for over $1 billion in loss in the U.S. annually.

Intestinal permeability before and after albendazole treatment in low and high socioeconomic status schoolchildren in Makassar, Indonesia.

Intestinal helminths are highly prevalent in low-SES children and could contribute to poor health outcomes either directly or via alteration of the gut microbiome and gut barrier function. We analysed parasitic infections and gut microbiota composition in 325 children attending high- and low-SES schools in Makassar, Indonesia before and after albendazole treatment. Lactulose/Mannitol Ratio (LMR, a marker of gut permeability); I-FABP (a surrogate marker of intestinal damage) as well as inflammatory markers (LBP) were measured.

Detection of pseudorabies virus antibody in swine serum and oral fluid specimens using a recombinant gE glycoprotein dual-matrix indirect ELISA.

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky disease) virus (PRV) was eliminated from domestic swine in many countries using glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted vaccines and serum antibody gE ELISAs, but PRV continues to circulate in some regions and in most feral swine populations in the world. We created a dual-matrix (serum and oral fluid) indirect IgG gE ELISA (iELISA) and evaluated its performance using samples from 4 groups of 10 pigs each: negative control (NC), vaccination (MLV), PRV inoculation (PRV), and vaccination followed by challenge (MLV-PRV). All serum and oral fluid samples collected before PRV challenge and all NC samples throughout the study were negative for gE antibodies by commercial blocking ELISA (bELISA) and our iELISA.

Development and external validation of the 'Flower-FFQ': a FFQ designed for the Lifelines Cohort Study.

Objective: FFQ assess habitual dietary intake and are relatively inexpensive to process, but may take up to 60 min to complete. This article describes the validation of the Flower-FFQ, which consists of four short FFQ measuring the intake of energy and macronutrients or specific (micro)nutrients/foods that can be merged into one complete daily assessment using predefined algorithms.

Design: Participants completed the Flower-FFQ and validated regular-FFQ (n 401).

The accuracy of portion size estimation using food images and textual descriptions of portion sizes: an evaluation study.

Background: Inaccurate self-report of portion sizes is a major cause of measurement error in dietary assessment. To reduce this error, different portion size estimation aids (PSEAs) have been developed, including food images (image based, IB-PSE) and textual descriptions of portion sizes (text-based, TB-PSE). We assessed the accuracy of portion size estimation by IB-PSE and TB-PSE.

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus DNA detection in swine nasal swab and oral fluid specimens using a gB-based real-time quantitative PCR.

In this study, the detection of PRV DNA in nasal swab (n = 440) and oral fluid (n = 1,545) samples collected over time from experimentally PRV vaccinated and/or PRV inoculated pigs (n = 40) was comparatively evaluated by real-time PCR. Serum samples (n = 440) were tested by PRV gB/gE blocking ELISAs (Pseudorabies Virus gB Antibody Test Kit and Pseudorabies Virus gpI Antibody Test Kit, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME) to monitor PRV status over time.

Dynamics of the bacterial gut microbiota during controlled human infection with larvae.

Hookworms are soil-transmitted helminths that use immune-evasive strategies to persist in the human duodenum where they are responsible for anemia and protein loss. Given their location and immune regulatory effects, hookworms likely impact the bacterial microbiota. However, microbiota studies struggle to deconvolute the effect of hookworms from confounders such as coinfections and malnutrition.

The Bacterial Gut Microbiota of Schoolchildren from High and Low Socioeconomic Status: A Study in an Urban Area of Makassar, Indonesia.

To understand the relationship between the gut microbiota and the health profile of Indonesians, it is important to elucidate the characteristics of the bacterial communities that prevail in this population. To this end, we profiled the faecal bacterial community of 140 Indonesian schoolchildren in urban Makassar. The core microbiota of Indonesian schoolchildren consisted of , , and multiple members of the and families, but the relative abundance of these taxa varied greatly among children.

Detection of pseudorabies virus antibody in swine oral fluid using a serum whole-virus indirect ELISA.

We evaluated the detection of pseudorabies virus (PRV) antibodies in swine oral fluid. Oral fluid and serum samples were obtained from 40 pigs allocated to 4 treatment groups (10 pigs/group): negative control (NC); wild-type PRV inoculation (PRV 3CR Ossabaw; hereafter PRV); PRV vaccination (Ingelvac Aujeszky MLV; Boehringer Ingelheim; hereafter MLV); and PRV vaccination followed by PRV inoculation at 21 d post-vaccination (MLV-PRV). Using a serum PRV whole-virus indirect IgG ELISA (Idexx Laboratories) adapted to the oral fluid matrix, PRV antibody was detected in oral fluid samples from treatment groups PRV, MLV, and MLV-PRV in a pattern similar to serum.

Toward Standards in Clinical Microbiota Studies: Comparison of Three DNA Extraction Methods and Two Bioinformatic Pipelines.

When studying the microbiome using next-generation sequencing, the DNA extraction method, sequencing procedures, and bioinformatic processing are crucial to obtain reliable data. Method choice has been demonstrated to strongly affect the final biological interpretation. We assessed the performance of three DNA extraction methods and two bioinformatic pipelines for bacterial microbiota profiling through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, using positive and negative controls for DNA extraction and sequencing and eight different types of high- or low-biomass samples.

Optimizing Low-Socioeconomic Status Pregnant Women's Dietary Intake in the Netherlands: Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Study.

Background: Although the importance of maternal nutrition is evident, adherence to dietary guidelines is limited in pregnant women, especially in those with a low socioeconomic status. Promotion of a healthy diet in midwifery practice is promising, as prenatal diet affects both maternal and child health, pregnant women are open to dietary changes during this critical transition, and midwives are their first and most important source of information. Unfortunately, nutrition communication by Dutch midwives is limited.

Validity of Absolute Intake and Nutrient Density of Protein, Potassium, and Sodium Assessed by Various Dietary Assessment Methods: An Exploratory Study.

It is suggested that nutrient densities are less affected by measurement errors than absolute intake estimates of dietary exposure. We compared the validity of absolute intakes and densities of protein (kJ from protein/total energy (kJ)), potassium, and sodium (potassium or sodium (in mg)/total energy (kJ)) assessed by different dietary assessment methods. For 69 Dutch subjects, two duplicate portions (DPs), five to fifteen 24-h dietary recalls (24 hRs, telephone-based and web-based) and two food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) were collected and compared to duplicate urinary biomarkers and one or two doubly labelled water measurements.

Preconception Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Health in the Offspring of Overweight and Obese Women.

Women's lifestyle has important implications for the development and health of their offspring. Yet little is known about the association between women's preconception dietary intake and physical activity with cardiovascular health of the offspring. We therefore examined this association in a group of Dutch women with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 29 kg/m) and infertility, who participated in a 6-month randomized preconception lifestyle intervention trial, and their offspring ( = 46).

Adherence to dietary guidelines in relation to visceral fat and liver fat in middle-aged men and women: the NEO study.

Background: It is unclear to what extent adherence to dietary guidelines may specifically affect visceral fat and liver fat. We aimed to study the association between the Dutch Healthy Diet Index (DHD-index) and total body fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hepatic triglyceride content (HTGC) in middle-aged men and women.

Design: In this cross-sectional study, VAT was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 2580 participants, and HTGC by proton-MR spectroscopy in 2083 participants.

Adherence to a food group-based dietary guideline and incidence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the association between adherence to the Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index) and incidence of prediabetes (preT2D) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in a representative sample for the general Dutch population.

Methods: Two prospective cohort studies, The Hoorn and The New Hoorn Study, were used for data analyses. In total, data from 2951 participants without diabetes at baseline (mean age 56.

The Role of Self-Control and the Presence of Enactment Models on Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption: A Pilot Study.

The objective of the present research was to investigate associations of dispositional and momentary self-control and the presence of other individuals consuming SSBs with the consumption frequency of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in a multi-country pilot study. We conducted an Ambulatory Assessment in which 75 university students (52 females) from four study sites carried smartphones and received prompts six times a day in their everyday environments to capture information regarding momentary self-control and the presence of other individuals consuming SSBs. Multilevel models revealed a statistically significant negative association between dispositional self-control and SSB consumption.

Using enhanced regression calibration to combine dietary intake estimates from 24 h recall and FFQ reduces bias in diet-disease associations.

Objective: To illustrate the impact of combining 24 h recall (24hR) and FFQ estimates using regression calibration (RC) and enhanced regression calibration (ERC) on diet-disease associations.

Setting: Wageningen area, the Netherlands, 2011-2013.

Design: Five approaches for obtaining self-reported dietary intake estimates of protein and K were compared: (i) uncorrected FFQ intakes (FFQ); (ii) uncorrected average of two 24hR ( $\overline {\rm R}$ ); (iii) average of FFQ and $\overline {\rm R}$ ( ${\overline {\rm F}}\,\overline {\rm R}}$ ); (iv) RC from regression of 24hR v.

Stage of Gestation at Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection of Pregnant Swine Impacts Maternal Immunity and Lactogenic Immune Protection of Neonatal Suckling Piglets.

During pregnancy, the maternal immune response changes dramatically over the course of gestation. This has implications for generation of lactogenic immunity and subsequent protection in suckling neonates against enteric viral infections. For example, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an alphacoronavirus that causes acute diarrhea in neonatal piglets.

Experimental Seneca Valley virus infection in market-weight gilts.

Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus that causes vesicular disease in swine. Since it is clinically indistinguishable from vesicular disease caused by food-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), investigations must be performed to rule out this high consequence pathogen. A large portion of these investigations have involved market-weight swine at slaughter plants.