Practical imaging for Ménière's disease.

Ménière's disease (MD) is a chronic disorder of the inner ear characterized by vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness. The pathophysiology of MD involves endolymphatic hydrops, an abnormal accumulation of endolymph fluid, although the exact cause remains unclear, potentially involving genetic, environmental, and autoimmune factors. Recent advancements in magnetic resonance imaging have significantly enhanced diagnostic capabilities.

Criteria for the diagnosis of extranodal extension detected on radiological imaging in head and neck cancer: Head and Neck Cancer International Group consensus recommendations.

Extranodal extension of tumour on histopathology is known to be a negative prognostic factor in head and neck cancer. Compelling evidence suggests that extranodal extension detected on radiological imaging is also a negative prognostic factor. Furthermore, if imaging detected extranodal extension could be identified reliably before the start of treatment, it could be used to guide treatment selection, as patients might be better managed with non-surgical approaches to avoid the toxicity and cost of trimodality therapy (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy together).

Temporomandibular joint: from anatomy to internal derangement.

The temporomandibular joint can be affected by various conditions, such as joint dysfunction, degenerative changes, inflammatory processes, infections, tumors, and trauma. The aim of this pictorial essay is to help radiologists identify and describe the main findings on magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the temporomandibular joint, given that the correct diagnosis is essential for the appropriate treatment of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders.

Tongue size matters: revisiting the Mallampati classification system in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Objective: The Mallampati classification system has been used to predict obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Upper airway soft tissue structures are prone to fat deposition, and the tongue is the largest of these structures. Given that a higher Mallampati score is associated with a crowded oropharynx, we hypothesized that the Mallampati score is associated with tongue volume and an imbalance between tongue and mandible volumes.

Muscle and visceral fat infiltration: A potential mechanism to explain the worsening of obstructive sleep apnea with age.

Study Objectives: Aging is a major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and is associated with increased upper airway collapsibility, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. We hypothesized that the increase in OSA severity and upper airway collapsibility with age are partially mediated by upper airway, visceral and muscle fat infiltration.

Methods: Male subjects underwent full polysomnography, upper airway collapsibility determination (Pcrit) after sleep induction with midazolam, upper airway and abdominal computed tomography.

Computed Tomography Evaluation of the Paranasal Sinuses in Adults with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia.

 Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a rare inherited disease that results in a malfunction of mucociliary clearance and sinonasal complaints. Aplasia/hypoplasia of the frontal and sphenoid sinuses has been described as more frequent in this population. However, to date, no studies have provided a detailed description of computed tomography findings in adult patients with a diagnosis of this condition.

Cervical Lymph Node Metastases from Central Nervous System Tumors: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Lymph node metastasis (LNM) from primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) is an infrequent condition, and classically it was thought that CNS tumors could not spread via the lymphatic route. Recent discoveries about this route of dissemination make its knowledge necessary for surgeons and pathologists to avoid delays in diagnosis and unnecessary treatments. The aim of this paper is to review the literature and to discuss the relevant pathogenetic mechanism and the cytologic features along with recommendations for surgical treatment of these cervical LNM.

Dental findings on face and neck imaging.

When it is necessary to evaluate dental structures, the typical method is to obtain intraoral or panoramic X-rays at specialized dental clinics. However, in the daily practice of head and neck radiology, or even general radiology, it is common to encounter clinical situations or examination findings related to dental problems that should not be ignored. Because such problems can often be responsible for the clinical complaints of patients, this review aims to assist radiologists in identifying and describing common dental conditions on computed tomography of paranasal sinuses, face, and neck.

Postoperative Imaging of the Temporal Bone.

The anatomy of the temporal bone is complex, and postoperative imaging evaluation of this bone can be challenging. Surgical approaches to the temporal bone can be categorized didactically into tympanoplasty and ossicular reconstruction, mastoidectomy, and approaches to the cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal (IAC). In clinical practice, different approaches can be combined for greater surgical exposure.

A randomized comparative study of inferomedial vs. balanced orbital decompression. Analysis of changes in orbital volume, eyelid parameters, and eyeball position.

Background/objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate and compare changes in orbital volume, eyelid parameters, and eyeball position after inferomedial and balanced (medial + deep lateral walls) orbital decompression (OD) in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO).

Subjects/methods: Prospective interventional trial. Forty-two patients with inactive GO and clinical indication for OD were randomly assigned to inferomedial or balanced OD.

Rhinomanometry Versus Computational Fluid Dynamics: Correlated, but Different Techniques.

Background: Past studies reported a low correlation between rhinomanometry and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), but the source of the discrepancy was unclear. Low correlation or lack of correlation has also been reported between subjective and objective measures of nasal patency.

Objective: This study investigates (1) the correlation and agreement between nasal resistance derived from CFD (R) and rhinomanometry (R), and (2) the correlation between objective and subjective measures of nasal patency.

A Comparative Study of Clinical vs. Digital Exophthalmometry Measurement Methods.

Background: A number of orbital diseases may be evaluated based on the degree of exophthalmos, but there is still no gold standard method for the measurement of this parameter. In this study we compare two exophthalmometry measurement methods (digital photography and clinical) with regard to reproducibility and the level of correlation and agreement with measurements obtained with Computerized Tomography (CT) measurements.

Methods: Seventeen patients with bilateral proptosis and 15 patients with normal orbits diseases were enrolled.

State-dependent changes in the upper airway assessed by multidetector CT in healthy individuals and during obstructive events in patients with sleep apnea.

Objective: To determine whether airway narrowing during obstructive events occurs predominantly at the retropalatal level and results from dynamic changes in the lateral pharyngeal walls and in tongue position.

Methods: We evaluated 11 patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and 7 healthy controls without OSA during wakefulness and during natural sleep (documented by full polysomnography). Using fast multidetector CT, we obtained images of the upper airway in the waking and sleep states.

Organ doses evaluation for chest computed tomography procedures with TL dosimeters: Comparison with Monte Carlo simulations.

Purpose: To evaluate organ doses in routine and low-dose chest computed tomography (CT) protocols using an experimental methodology. To compare experimental results with results obtained by the National Cancer Institute dosimetry system for CT (NCICT) organ dose calculator. To address the differences on organ dose measurements using tube current modulation (TCM) and fixed tube current protocols.

Sensitivity of nasal airflow variables computed via computational fluid dynamics to the computed tomography segmentation threshold.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) allows quantitative assessment of transport phenomena in the human nasal cavity, including heat exchange, moisture transport, odorant uptake in the olfactory cleft, and regional delivery of pharmaceutical aerosols. The first step when applying CFD to investigate nasal airflow is to create a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the nasal anatomy from computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance images (MRI). However, a method to identify the exact location of the air-tissue boundary from CT scans or MRI is currently lacking.

Evaluation of the Facial Recess and Cochlea on the Temporal Bone of Stillbirths regarding the Percutaneous Cochlear Implant.

 The literature shows that there are anatomical changes on the temporal bone anatomy during the first four years of life in children. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the temporal bone anatomy regarding the cochlear implant surgery in stillbirths between 32 and 40 weeks of gestational age using computed tomography to simulate the trajectory of the drill to the scala timpani avoiding vital structures.  To measure the distances of the simulated trajectory to the facial recess, cochlea, ossicular chain and tympanic membrane, while performing the minimally invasive cochlear implant technique, using the Improvise imaging software (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, US).

The influence of the subarcuate artery in the superior semicircular canal dehiscence and its frequency on stillbirths: illustrative cases and systematic review.

Unlabelled: Literature describes that on the 25th gestational week the labyrinth is fully formed and with adult size. However, recent studies have shown that the cranial and labyrinth development continues until 3 years of age.

Objectives: To demonstrate through tomographic study the frequency of semicircular canal dehiscence on nine specimens of stillbirths between 32 and 40 weeks and, through literature review, present another possible etiology for its cause.

Evaluating Intracochlear Trauma after Cochlear Implant Electrode Insertion through Middle Fossa Approach in Temporal Bones.

Objective To evaluate cochlear trauma after cochlear implant insertion through a middle fossa approach by means of histologic and imaging studies in temporal bones. Study Design Prospective cadaveric study. Setting University-based temporal bone laboratory.

Influence of interface and position on upper airway collapsibility assessed by negative expiratory pressure.

Purpose: Negative expiratory pressure (NEP) is a simple technique for the evaluation of upper airway collapsibility in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Most studies evaluated NEP using a mouthpiece that may exclude the cephalic portion of the upper airway. We hypothesize that NEP determination is influenced by interface and position.