Interaction between coronaviruses and the autophagic response.

In recent years, the emergence and widespread dissemination of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has posed a significant threat to global public health and social development. In order to safely and effectively prevent and control the spread of coronavirus diseases, a profound understanding of virus-host interactions is paramount. Cellular autophagy, a process that safeguards cells by maintaining cellular homeostasis under diverse stress conditions.

Thoughts on the research of African swine fever live-attenuated vaccines.

African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious and fatal disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which can infect pigs of all breeds and ages. Most infected pigs have poor prognosis, leading to substantial economic losses for the global pig industry. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a safe and efficient commercial vaccine against ASF.

-based visual assay integrating RPA and CRISPR/ for the detection of African swine fever virus.

Introduction: Early detection of the virus in the environment or in infected pigs is a critical step to stop African swine fever virus (ASFV) transmission. The p22 protein encoded by ASFV gene has been shown to have no effect on viral replication and virulence and can serve as a molecular marker for distinguishing field virus strains from future candidate deletion vaccine strains.

Methods: This study established an ASFV detection assay specific for the highly conserved ASFV gene based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and the CRISPR/Cas12 reaction system.

Development and application of a TaqMan-based real-time PCR method for the detection of the ASFV MGF505-7R gene.

African swine fever virus (ASFV), the etiological agent of African swine fever (ASF), causes deadly hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs. ASF's high mortality and morbidity have had disastrous effects on the world's swine industry. In recent years, the number of African swine virus strains has increased and presented new challenges for detecting classical ASFV-p72-based viruses.

Summary of the Current Status of African Swine Fever Vaccine Development in China.

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal and contagious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. There is still no credible commercially available vaccine. The only existing one, issued in Vietnam, is actually used in limited quantities in limited areas, for large-scale clinical evaluation.

Systematic identification and characterization of repeat sequences in African swine fever virus genomes.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large DNA virus that infects domestic pigs with high morbidity and mortality rates. Repeat sequences, which are DNA sequence elements that are repeated more than twice in the genome, play an important role in the ASFV genome. The majority of repeat sequences, however, have not been identified and characterized in a systematic manner.

Attenuated African swine fever virus through serial passaging of viruses in cell culture: a brief review on the knowledge gathered during 60 years of research.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly pathogenic double-stranded DNA virus. It affects various breeds of pigs, causing serious economic losses and health threats because of its rapid spread and high pathogenicity and infectivity. This situation is not helped by the lack of a validated vaccine or effective therapies.

Genetic variation and evolution of attenuated African swine fever virus strain isolated in the field: A review.

It has been reported that there were several "mutant isolated in the field " of African swine fever virus (ASFV) since ASFV was reported, which may be the result of the continuous adaptation and evolution of ASFV. The emergence of ASFV field mutants may lead to chronic or asymptomatic "atypical clinical symptoms" in pigs and hinder the development of porcine industry. Here we analyzed the published ASFV "field attenuated strain" gene sequences and reviewed the genetic differences between field attenuated and virulent ASFV strains, hoping for providing a reference for the scientific prevention and control of ASF and the development of new vaccines.

A systematic review of genotypes and serogroups of African swine fever virus.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF). The virus causes an acute highly hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs, with high mortality. Although the overall genome mutation rate of ASFV, a large DNA virus, is relatively low, ASFV exhibits genetic and antigenic diversity.

An extra insertion of tandem repeat sequence in African swine fever virus, China, 2019.

On 7 March 2019, African swine fever in a domestic pig farm was detected in Guangxi Province of China. The phylogenetic analysis showed that its causative strain contained two tandem repeat sequence insertions in the intergenic region between the I73R and the I329L genes, and was different from previously reported strains in China and other countries.

Molecular characterization of new emerging sub-genotype VIIh Newcastle disease viruses in China.

Newcastle disease (ND) has been enzootic in China for several decades since the first recognition of the disease in 1946 in China. Continuous surveillance revealed that the sub-genotype VIId Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been predominantly responsible for most of ND outbreak in China in recent years. But in the present study, three virulent NDVs isolated from poultry in southern China were classified as sub-genotype VIIh, which is highly related to the viruses circulating in some Southeast Asia countries.

Genome comparison of African swine fever virus China/2018/AnhuiXCGQ strain and related European p72 Genotype II strains.

African swine fever was introduced into China in August 2018 and led to high mortality in domestic pigs. We reported the genome characterization of the China/2018/AnhuiXCGQ strain mainly based on next-generation sequencing and comparison with related European p72 Genotype II strains. The genome was 189,393 bp long, encoding 181 open reading frames.

Infection of African swine fever in wild boar, China, 2018.

On 16 November 2018, a wild boar infected with African swine fever was reported in China. The phylogenetic analysis showed that its causative strain belonged to the p72 genotype II, CD2v serogroup 8 and contained no additional tandem repeat sequences between the I73R and the I329L protein genes, which was different from previously reported strains in China.

Molecular Characterization of African Swine Fever Virus, China, 2018.

On August 3, 2018, an outbreak of African swine fever in pigs was reported in China. We subjected a virus from an African swine fever-positive pig sample to phylogenetic analysis. This analysis showed that the causative strain belonged to the p72 genotype II and CD2v serogroup 8.

Genomic Characterizations of Six Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1 Viruses Isolated from Live Bird Markets in China during 2011 to 2013.

The genomes of six pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) isolated from symptomless pigeons in live poultry markets during the national active surveillance from 2011 to 2013 were sequenced and analyzed in this study. The complete genome lengths of all isolates were 15,192 nucleotides with the gene order of 3'-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5'. All isolates had the same motif of 112RRQKRF117 at the cleavage site of the fusion protein, which was typical of velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV).

[A review of research on Schmallenberg virus].

Schmallenberg virus (SBV), a novel orthobunyavirus, was first isolated in 2011. SBV preferentially infects the central nervous system of cattle and sheep and causes fever, diarrhea, a drop in milk yields, congenital malformations and stillbirths. Until June 2014, more than 200 scientific publications regarding SBV have been published.

[Detection of an NA gene molecular marker in H7N9 subtype avian influenza viruses by pyrosequencing].

This study aimed to establish a method for the detection and identification of H7N9 avian influenza viruses based on the NA gene by pyrosequencing. According to the published NA gene sequences of the avian influenza A (H7N9) virus, a 15-nt deletion was found in the NA gene of H7N9 avian influenza viruses. The 15-nt deletion of the NA gene was targeted as the molecular marker for the rapid detection and identification of H7N9 avian influenza viruses by pyrosequencing.

[Progress in development of influenza virus-like particles].

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are composed of multiple copies of one or more expressed recombinant viral structural proteins which spontaneously assemble into particles upon expression. VLPs are non infectious because they assemble without incorporating genetic material. VLPs have structural characteristics and antigenicity similar to the parental virus because they mimick the wild-type virus structure.

Virus-like particles: promising platforms with characteristics of DIVA for veterinary vaccine design.

In general, it is difficult to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals through vaccination with conventional vaccines, thereby impeding the serological surveillance of animal diseases. DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccine, originally known as marker vaccine, usually based on the absence of at least one immunogenic protein in the vaccine strain, allows DIVA in conjunction with a diagnostic test that detects antibodies against the antigens lacking in the vaccine strain. Virus-like particles (VLPs), composed of one or more structural proteins but no genomes of native viruses, mimic the organization and conformation of authentic virions but have no ability to self-replicate in cells, potentially yielding safer vaccine candidates.

Complete genome sequences of new emerging newcastle disease virus strains isolated from china.

Five Newcastle disease virus strains isolated from geese were classified into a new genotype, designated genotype XII. The complete genome sequences of two strains indicated that these viruses were distinct from viruses of genotype VII. More investigations need to be conducted for us to understand the origin of these new strains.

Novel reassortant highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry in China.

There has been multiple evidence that domestic poultry may act as a vessel for the generation of novel influenza A viruses. In this study, we have analyzed the evolution and pathogenicity of 4 H5N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from apparently healthy poultry from H5N1 virus endemic areas in China. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two of these viruses, A/duck/Eastern China/1111/2011 (DK/EC/1111/11) and A/goose/Eastern China/1112/2011 (GS/EC/1112/11) were derived from reassortment events in which clade 2.

Evaluating viral interference between Influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in chicken eggs.

Background: Simultaneous and sequential allantoic cavity inoculations of Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs with Influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) demonstrated that the interaction of AIV and NDV during co-infection was variable. Our research revisited the replication interference potential of AIV and NDV using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) for AIV and NDV to specifically detect the viral genomes in mixed infections.

Results: Data from this survey showed that when different doses of NDV (Lasota or F48E8) and AIV (F98 or H5N1) were simultaneously inoculated into embryonating chicken eggs (ECE), interference with the growth of NDV occurred, while interference with the growth of AIV did not occur.

Virus-like particles: potential veterinary vaccine immunogens.

Virus-like particle (VLP) composed of outer shell but no genome of virus mimics the natural configuration of authentic virion and has no characteristics of self-replication. A close resemblance to native viruses in molecular scaffolds and an absence of genomes make VLPs effectively elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses even with no requirement of adjuvant for vaccines. As effective immunogens, characterized by high immunogenicity and safety, VLPs have been employed in production of human vaccines, such as the licensed vaccines of hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus.

An overview of influenza A virus receptors.

Influenza A viruses are spherical particles that attach to cells through bonds between hemagglutinin and specific cellular receptors. Numerous studies performed have recently revealed that Sialic acid (SA) is a crucial component of influenza A virus receptors. This brief review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of influenza A virus receptors.