Effects of seatback angle, seat rotation, and impact speed on injury risk of occupants in highly automated vehicles in frontal crashes.

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of seatback angle, seat rotation, and impact speed on occupant kinematics and injury risk in highly automated vehicles.

Methods: The study utilized the Global Human Body Models Consortium midsize male (M50-OS+B) simplified occupant model in a simplified vehicle model (SVM) to simulate frontal crashes. The M50-OS+B model was gravity-settled and belted into the driver and left rear passenger seat.

Standardized Assessment of Gravity Settling Human Body Models for Virtual Testing.

The increased use of computational human models in evaluation of safety systems demands greater attention to selected methods in coupling the model to its seated environment. This study assessed the THUMS v4.0.

Contrast enhanced computed tomography of small ruminants: Caprine and ovine.

The use of small ruminants, mainly sheep and goats, is increasing in biomedical research. Small ruminants are a desirable animal model due to their human-like anatomy and physiology. However, the large variability between studies and lack of baseline data on these animals creates a barrier to further research.

Lower Extremity Validation of a Human Body Model for High Rate Axial Loading in the Underbody Blast Environment.

While the use of Human Body Models (HBMs) in the underbody blast (UBB) environment has increased and shown positive results, the potential of these models has not been fully explored. Obtaining accurate kinematic and kinetic response are necessary to better understand the injury mechanisms for military safety applications. The objective of this study was to validate the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) M50 lower extremity using a combined objective rating scheme in vertical and horizontal high-rate axial loading.

Preliminary validation of the GHBMC average male occupant models and 70YO aged model in far-side impact.

The objective of the current study was to perform a preliminary validation of the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) average male occupant models, simplified (M50-OS) and detailed (M50-O) and the 70YO aged model in Far-side impacts and compare the head kinematics against the PMHS responses published by Petit et al. (2019). The buck used to simulate the far-side impacts comprised a seat, headrest, center console plate, leg support plate, and footrest plate with rigid material properties.

Lower Extremity Injury Risk Curve Development for a Human Body Model in the Underbody Blast Environment.

Computational human body models (HBMs) provide the ability to explore numerous candidate injury metrics ranging from local strain based criteria to global combined criteria such as the Tibia Index. Despite these efforts, there have been relatively few studies that focus on determining predicted injury risk from HBMs based on observed postmortem human subjects (PMHS) injury data. Additionally, HBMs provide an opportunity to construct risk curves using measures that are difficult or impossible to obtain experimentally.

Development and preliminary validation of computationally efficient and detailed 50th percentile female human body models.

Objective: No vehicle testing standard (physical or computational) employs a mid-sized female human surrogate, despite discrepancies related to injury outcomes for female occupants amongst all vehicle users. We detail the design and preliminary validation of 50th percentile female (F50) computational human body models (HBMs) based on Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) models.

Method: Data for the target geometry was collected as part of the initial generation of GHBMC models.

Response of small female and midsize male models with active musculature in pre-crash maneuvers and low-speed impacts.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate computationally efficient small female (54.1 kg, 149.9 cm) and midsize male (78.

Micro-CT Imaging and Mechanical Properties of Ovine Ribs.

The use of ovine animal models in the study of injury biomechanics and modeling is increasing, due to their favorable size and other physiological characteristics. Along with this increase, there has also been increased interest in the development of in silico ovine models for computational studies to compliment physical experiments. However, there remains a gap in the literature characterizing the morphological and mechanical characteristics of ovine ribs.

Application of survival analysis to model proliferation likelihood of biofilm following laser-induced hyperthermia treatment.

Eighty percent of bacterial infections associated with living tissue and medical devices are linked to drug-resistant biofilms, leading to lengthy and costly recoveries. Laser-induced hyperthermia can disrupt cell proliferation within biofilms and increase susceptibility to antibiotics. However, there can be bacterial survival differences dependent upon laser irradiation times, and prolonged time at elevated temperature can damage healthy tissue.

Modular incorporation of deformable spine and 3D neck musculature into a simplified human body finite element model.

Spinal injuries are a concern for automotive applications, requiring large parametric studies to understand spinal injury mechanisms under complex loading conditions. Finite element computational human body models (e.g.

Effect of Active Muscles on Astronaut Kinematics and Injury Risk for Piloted Lunar Landing and Launch While Standing.

While astronauts may pilot future lunar landers in a standing posture, the response of the human body under lunar launch and landing-related dynamic loading conditions is not well understood. It is important to consider the effects of active muscles under these loading conditions as muscles stabilize posture while standing. In the present study, astronaut response for a piloted lunar mission in a standing posture was simulated using an active human body model (HBM) with a closed-loop joint-angle based proportional integral derivative controller muscle activation strategy and compared with a passive HBM to understand the effects of active muscles on astronaut body kinematics and injury risk.

A simulation-based study for optimizing proportional-integral-derivative controller gains for different control strategies of an active upper extremity model using experimental data.

This study investigates the effect of PID controller gains, reaction time, and initial muscle activation values on active human model behavior while comparing three different control strategies. The controller gains and reaction delays were optimized using published experimental data focused on the upper extremity. The data describes the reaction of five male subjects in four tests based on two muscle states (relaxed and tensed) and two states of awareness (open and closed eye).

Effects of Standing, Upright Seated, vs. Reclined Seated Postures on Astronaut Injury Biomechanics for Lunar Landings.

Astronauts may pilot a future lunar lander in a standing or upright/reclined seated posture. This study compared kinematics and injury risk for the upright/reclined (30°; 60°) seated vs. standing postures for lunar launch/landing using human body modeling across 30 simulations.

Development of a computational fluid dynamic model to investigate the hemodynamic impact of REBOA.

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a lifesaving intervention for major truncal hemorrhage. Balloon-tipped arterial catheters are inserted the femoral artery to create a temporary occlusion of the aorta, which minimizes the rate of internal bleeding until definitive surgery can be conducted. There is growing concern over the resultant hypoperfusion and potential damage to tissues and organs downstream of REBOA.

Development and Validation of an Active Muscle Simplified Finite Element Human Body Model in a Standing Posture.

Active muscles play an important role in postural stabilization, and muscle-induced joint stiffening can alter the kinematic response of the human body, particularly that of the lower extremities, under dynamic loading conditions. There are few full-body human body finite element models with active muscles in a standing posture. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop and validate the M50-PS+Active model, an average-male simplified human body model in a standing posture with active musculature.

A validated lower extremity model to investigate the effect of stabilizing knee components in pedestrian collisions.

Lower extremity injuries account for over 50% of pedestrian orthopedic injuries in car-to-pedestrian collisions. Pedestrian finite element models are useful tools for studying pedestrian safety, but current models use simplified knee models that exclude potentially important stabilizing knee components. The effect of these stabilizing components in pedestrian impacts is currently unknown.

Implementation and calibration of active small female and average male human body models using low-speed frontal sled tests.

Objective: The objective of this study was to implement active muscles in a computationally efficient small female finite element model (54.1 kg, 149.9 cm) suitable for predicting occupant response during precrash braking and low-speed frontal sled tests.

Sensitivity Analysis for Multidirectional Spaceflight Loading and Muscle Deconditioning on Astronaut Response.

A sensitivity analysis for loading conditions and muscle deconditioning on astronaut response for spaceflight transient accelerations was carried out using a mid-size male human body model with active musculature. The model was validated in spaceflight-relevant 2.5-15 g loading magnitudes in seven volunteer tests, showing good biofidelity (CORA: 0.

Age targeted human body models indicate increased thoracic injury risk with aging.

Objective: The objective of this study is to generate age targeted versions of the male and female Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) occupant human body models (HBMs), to validate each in frontal impacts, and to assess rib fracture probability of each.

Methods: Six age targeted models were developed based on the GHBMC average male and small female occupant models (M50-O v6.0 and F05-O v6.

Simulated Astronaut Kinematics and Injury Risk for Piloted Lunar Landings and Launches While Standing.

During future lunar missions, astronauts may be required to pilot vehicles while standing, and the associated kinematic and injury response is not well understood. In this study, we used human body modeling to predict unsuited astronaut kinematics and injury risk for piloted lunar launches and landings in the standing posture. Three pulses (2-5 g; 10-150 ms rise times) were applied in 10 directions (vertical; ± 10-degree offsets) for a total of 30 simulations.