In Depth Breadth Analyses of Human Blockade Responses to Norovirus and Response to Vaccination.

To evaluate and understand the efficacy of vaccine candidates, supportive immunological measures are needed. Critical attributes for a norovirus vaccine are the strength and breadth of antibody responses against the many different genotypes. In the absence of suitable neutralization assays to test samples from vaccine clinical trials, blockade assays offer a method that can measure functional antibodies specific for many of the different norovirus strains.

The role of anxiety in vaginismus: a case-control study.

Introduction: Previous research suggests that anxiety may play a large role in the symptoms of vaginismus.

Aim: We aimed to (i) determine the degree of self-reported general anxiety in women with vaginismus; and (ii) establish whether general anxiety is a consequence of the condition or a predisposing factor.

Main Outcome Measures: Participants reported state and trait anxiety, five-factor personality scores, history of anxiety disorders, and their perceptions of their symptoms and history.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis binding to human surfactant proteins A and D, fibronectin, and small airway epithelial cells under shear conditions.

A crucial step in infection is the initial attachment of a pathogen to host cells or tissue. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved multiple strategies for establishing an infection within the host. The pulmonary microenvironment contains a complex milieu of pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune system that play a role in the primary response to inhaled pathogens.