Design of liposomal nanocarriers with a potential for combined dexamethasone and bevacizumab delivery to the eye.

Clinicians face numerous challenges when delivering medications to the eyes topically because of physiological barriers, that can inhibit the complete dose from getting to the intended location. Due to their small size, the ability to deliver drugs of different polarities simultaneously, and their biocompatibility, liposomes hold great promise for ocular drug delivery. This study aimed to develop and characterise a dual loaded liposome formulation encapsulating Bevacizumab (BEV) and Dexamethasone (DEX) that possessed the physicochemical attributes suitable for topical ocular delivery.

Metal oxide nanomaterials based electrochemical and optical biosensors for biomedical applications: Recent advances and future prospectives.

The amalgamation of nanostructures with modern electrochemical and optical techniques gave rise to interesting devices, so-called biosensors. A biosensor is an analytical tool that incorporates various biomolecules with an appropriate physicochemical transducer. Over the past few years, metal oxide nanomaterials (MONMs) have significantly stimulated biosensing research due to their desired functionalities, versatile chemical stability, and low cost along with their unique optical, catalytic, electrical, and adsorption properties that provide an attractive platform for linking the biomolecules, for example, antibodies, nucleic acids, enzymes, and receptor proteins as sensing elements with the transducer for the detection of signals or signal amplifications.

NAD+-associated-hyaluronic acid and poly(L-lysine) polyelectrolyte complexes: An evaluation of their potential for ocular drug delivery.

This study details the formation and characterisation of a novel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-associated polymeric nanoparticle system. The development of a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) composed of two natural polyelectrolytes, hyaluronic acid and poly(L-lysine), and an evaluation of its suitability for NAD+ ocular delivery, primarily based on its physicochemical properties and in vitro release profile under physiological ocular flow rates, were of key focus. Following optimisation of formulation method conditions such as complexation pH, mode of addition, and charge ratio, the PEC was successfully formulated under mild formulation conditions via polyelectrolyte complexation.

Hyaluronic Acid: Its Versatile Use in Ocular Drug Delivery with a Specific Focus on Hyaluronic Acid-Based Polyelectrolyte Complexes.

Extensive research is currently being conducted into novel ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS) that are capable of surpassing the limitations associated with conventional intraocular anterior and posterior segment treatments. Nanoformulations, including those synthesised from the natural, hydrophilic glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic acid (HA), have gained significant traction due to their enhanced intraocular permeation, longer retention times, high physiological stability, inherent biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, conventional nanoformulation preparation methods often require large volumes of organic solvent, chemical cross-linkers, and surfactants, which can pose significant toxicity risks.

Chitosan-Coated PLGA Nanoparticles Encapsulating Triamcinolone Acetonide as a Potential Candidate for Sustained Ocular Drug Delivery.

The current treatment for the acquired retinal vasculopathies involves lifelong repeated intravitreal injections of either anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy or modulation of inflammation with steroids. Consequently, any treatment modification that decreases this treatment burden for patients and doctors alike would be a welcome intervention. To that end, this research aims to develop a topically applied nanoparticulate system encapsulating a corticosteroid for extended drug release.

Dexamethasone-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease.

Dry eye disease (DED) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a chronic multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface caused by tear film dysfunction. Symptoms include dryness, irritation, discomfort and visual disturbance, and standard treatment includes the use of lubricants and topical steroids. Secondary inflammation plays a prominent role in the development and propagation of this debilitating condition.

Tumor microenvironment responsive nanogels as a smart triggered release platform for enhanced intracellular delivery of doxorubicin.

The fabrication of novel and intelligent delivery systems that can effectively deliver therapeutics to the targeted site and release payload in enhanced/controlled manner is highly desired to overcome the multiple challenges in chemotherapy. The present article demonstrates the potential application of dual stimuli responsive nanogels as tumor microenvironment targeted drug delivery carrier. Disulfide cross-linked pH and redox responsive PEG-PDMAEMA nanogels were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).

A Comprehensive Outlook of Synthetic Strategies and Applications of Redox-Responsive Nanogels in Drug Delivery.

Increasing recognition of the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of many clinical conditions and the existence of defined redox potential in healthy tissues has led to extensive research in the development of redox-responsive materials for biomedical applications. Especially, considerable growth has been seen in the fabrication of polymeric nanogel-based drug delivery carriers utilizing redox-responsive cross-linkers bearing a variety of functional groups via various synthetic strategies. Redox-responsive polymeric nanogels provide an advantage of facile chemical modification post synthesis and exhibit a remarkable response to biological redox stimuli.

Tacrolimus Loaded PEG-Cholecalciferol Based Micelles for Treatment of Ocular Inflammation.

Purpose: Poor corneal permeability, nasolacrimal drainage and requirement of chronic administration are major drawbacks of existing therapies for ocular inflammation. Hence, we designed topical micelles of PEG conjugated with cholecalciferol (PEGCCF).

Methods: Integrin targeted tacrolimus loaded PEGCCF micelles (TTM) were prepared by solvent diffusion evaporation method and characterized for particle size, osmolality, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading.

PEG-coumarin nanoaggregates as π-π stacking derived small molecule lipophile containing self-assemblies for anti-tumour drug delivery.

Polymeric self-assemblies formed by non-covalent interactions such as hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, host-guest and electrostatic interactions have been utilised widely and exhibit controlled release of encapsulated drug. Beside carrier-carrier interactions, small molecule amphiphiles exhibiting carrier-drug interactions have recently been an area of interest for cancer drug delivery, as most of the hydrophobic anti-tumour drugs are aromatic and exhibit π-π conjugated structure. In the present study PEG-coumarin (PC) conjugates forming self-assembled nanoaggregates were synthesised with PEG (polyethylene glycol) as hydrophilic block and coumarin as small molecule lipophilic segment.

Cholecalciferol-PEG Conjugate Based Nanomicelles of Doxorubicin for Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the leading cancer in women. Chemotherapeutic agents used for TNBC are mainly associated with dose-dependent toxicities and development of resistance. Hence, novel strategies to overcome resistance and to offer dose reduction are warranted.

Poly(ethylene glycol)-co-methacrylamide-co-acrylic acid based nanogels for delivery of doxorubicin.

Polymeric nanogels have been widely explored for their potential application as delivery carriers for cancer therapeutics. The ability of nanogels to encapsulate therapeutics by simple diffusion mechanism and the ease of their fabrication to impart target specificity in addition to their ability to get internalized into target cells make them good candidates for drug delivery. The present study aims to investigate the applicability of poly(ethylene glycol)-co-methacrylamide-co-acrylic acid (PMA)-based nanogels as a viable option for the delivery of doxorubicin (DOX).

Tumor stromal disrupting agent enhances the anticancer efficacy of docetaxel loaded PEGylated liposomes in lung cancer.

Aim: Therapeutic efficacy of anticancer nanomedicine is compromised by tumor stromal barriers. The present study deals with the development of docetaxel loaded PEGylated liposomes (DTXPL) and to investigate the effect of tumor stroma disrupting agent, telmisartan, on anticancer efficacy of DTXPL.

Methods: DTXPL was prepared using proprietary modified hydration method.

Ultra-flexible nanocarriers for enhanced topical delivery of a highly lipophilic antioxidative molecule for skin cancer chemoprevention.

Purpose: In this study, we developed cationic ultra-flexible nanocarriers (UltraFLEX-Nano) to surmount the skin barrier structure and to potentiate the topical delivery of a highly lipophilic antioxidative diindolylmethane derivative (DIM-D) for the inhibition of UV-induced DNA damage and skin carcinogenesis.

Methods: UltraFLEX-Nano was prepared with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane, cholesterol and tween-80 by ethanolic injection method; was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Atomic Force Microscopic (phase-imaging) analyses and permeation studies were performed in dermatomed human skin. The efficacy of DIM-D-UltraFLEX-Nano for skin cancer chemoprevention was evaluated in UVB-induced skin cancer model in vivo.

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) Contact Lenses Containing Chitosan Nanoparticles as an Ocular Delivery System for Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate.

Purpose: Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DXP) is an anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to treat acute and chronic ocular diseases. It is routinely delivered using eye-drops, where typically only 5% of the drug penetrates the corneal epithelium. The bioavailability of such ophthalmic drugs can be enhanced significantly using contact lenses incorporating drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs).

PEGylated liposomes of anastrozole for long-term treatment of breast cancer: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.

The aim of present study was to develop conventional and PEGylated (long circulating), liposomes containing anastrozole (ANS) for effective treatment of breast cancer. ANS is a third-generation non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor of the triazole class used for the treatment of advanced and late-stage breast cancer in post-menopausal women. Under such disease conditions the median duration of therapy should be prolonged until tumor regression ends (>31 months).

PEG-coumarin based biocompatible self-assembled fluorescent nanoaggregates synthesized via click reactions and studies of aggregation behavior.

Hypothesis: Click chemistry has found wide application in drug discovery, bioconjugation reactions, polymer chemistry and synthesis of amphiphilic materials with pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Triazole substitution via a click reaction alters photophysical properties of coumarin. Both coumarin and triazole moieties participate in π-π stacking interactions.

Gallic acid loaded disulfide cross-linked biocompatible polymeric nanogels as controlled release system: synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant activity.

In this article, a sustained release formulation of the antioxidant gallic acid (GA) is presented in the form of glutathione responsive disulfide cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol)-based nanogels synthesized via aqueous inverse miniemulsion using atom transfer radical polymerization. The particle size was found to be in the range from 227 ± 51.78 to 573.