Taxonomy of hybridly polarized Stokes vortex beams.

Structured beams carrying topological defects, namely phase and Stokes singularities, have gained extensive interest in numerous areas of optics. The non-separable spin and orbital angular momentum states of hybridly polarized Stokes singular beams provide additional freedom for manipulating optical fields. However, the characterization of hybridly polarized Stokes vortex beams remains challenging owing to the degeneracy associated with the complex polarization structures of these beams.

Detecting topological index of randomly scattered V-point singularities using Stokes correlations.

Topological defects in vector fields constitute polarization singularities that have numerous applications in classical and quantum optics. These beams are inhomogeneously polarized and are shown to self-heal under symmetric amplitude perturbations. Polarization singular beams are characterized using a singularity index that can be detected using Stokes polarimetry or other interferometric and diffraction approaches.

High-Flow Nasal Cannula as an Alternate Weaning Strategy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Extubation failure is associated with increased morbidity and poor outcomes. This study aimed to ascertain the effectiveness of a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) as a weaning method compared to conventional weaning. Methodology A total of 60 mechanically ventilated patients, aged 18-65 years, who were ventilated for 48 hours and whose underlying pathology had either resolved or was improving, were enrolled in this study.

Generation of Stokes singularities using polarization lateral shear interferometer.

Lateral shear interferometer, being a self-referenced interferometer, has proven to be an important tool in scalar optics. Here we employ a vectorial counterpart - polarization lateral shear interferometer, in which the two interfering beams apart from being derived from the test wavefront, are in orthogonal states of polarization. Therefore when the test wavefront has spatially varying phase gradient across the beam cross-section, the resulting shearogram produces polarization fringes instead of intensity fringes.

Detection of degenerate Stokes index states.

Stokes phase is the phase difference between orthogonal component states in the decomposition of any polarization state. Phase singularities in the Stokes phase distribution are Stokes singularities of an inhomogeneous polarization distribution. Under circular decomposition, Stokes phase distribution [Formula: see text] represents polarization azimuth [Formula: see text] distribution and the singularities present in it are polarization singularities.

Hybrid order Poincaré spheres for Stokes singularities: publisher's note.

This publisher's note contains corrections to Opt. Lett.45, 5136 (2020)OPLEDP0146-959210.

Hybrid order Poincaré spheres for Stokes singularities.

Hybrid order Poincaré spheres to represent more general Stokes singularities are presented. Polarization singularities form a subset of Stokes singularities, and therefore induction of these spheres brings completeness. The conventional understanding of Poincaré beams as hybrid order Poincaré sphere beams is also expanded to include more beams.

Full Poincaré beam with all the Stokes vortices.

In this Letter, we present a recipe for the generation of full Poincaré beams that contain all Stokes vortices (SVs), namely ϕ, ϕ, and ϕ vortices. Superposition of two scalar vortex beams with charges l and l (where |l|≠|l|) in orthogonal states of polarization (SOP) generates all three types of SVs, out of which two types of them are generic and always lie in a ring, with the third type at the center of the ring with index value (l-l). Thus, generation of hitherto unknown dark SVs is shown.